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 I Heresy and the Friars 397 Inquisition. Inquisitorial guides. collection of material is that of DOLLINGER, Beitrdge zur Sectenge- schichte des Mtttelalters, 1891, especially Vol. II, " Documente vornehm- lich zur Geschichte der Valdesier und Katharer" For the considerable literature that exists upon the Inquisition, see The LANGLOIS, L 1 Inquisition d'apres des travaux recents, Paris, 1901, and the mediaeval introduction by FREDERICQ to the French translation of LEA'S Inquisi- tion, Paris, 3 vols., 1902. Besides LEA'S great work, see TANON, Tribunaux de finquisition en France, 1893, anc ^ HENNER, Beitrdge zur Organisation und Kompetenz des pdpstlichen Ketzergericht, 1890. Of the inquisitorial guides containing official acts and much other information, one of the oldest and most authoritative is that of BER- NARD OF GUI (d. 1331), an experienced inquisitor, Pratica inquisitionis heretice pravitatis, printed for the first time by DOUAIS, in 1886. EYMERIC, an inquisitor in Aragon, composed his Directorium Inquisi- torum toward the end of the fourteenth century, some fifty years later than the date of the Pratica of Bernard. It proved more popular than Bernard's, and was printed a number of times in the sixteenth century, and old copies of it are not difficult to find. Among the collec- tions of material recently published are : FREDERICQ, Corpus documento- rum inquisitionis haereticae pravitatis Neerlandicae, 1025-1528, 5 vols., 1889-1902, and DOUAIS, Documents pour servir a Fhistoire de Vinquisi- tion dans le Languedoc, Paris, 1900 (Soc. de 1'hist. de Fr.). In addition to the excellent and popular biography of St. Francis Early Lives by SABATIER, the student may consult KARL MULLER, Die Anfdnge of St. Francis. des Minoritenordens, 1885. There has been not a little discussion, which has in some cases become rather acrid, about the early Lives of St. Francis. The Speculum perfectionis of BROTHER LEO, written appar- ently a year after the saint's death, is the earliest. This has been reconstructed and edited with elaborate notes and discussion by SABA- TIER, Paris, 1898. The first of the two Lives of the saint by THOMAS OF CELANO (written in 1228), was previously regarded as the earliest 'and most authoritative. This is in the Acta sanctorum, October, Vol. II, and in an edition published at Rome in 1880. The Legenda trium soci- orum, written in 1246, is also important and very charming. The official Life composed by BON AVENTURA in 1 261 was prepared with a view to tak- ing the place of the earlier Lives, which were all ordered to be destroyed. This order was apparently pretty generally carried out, and it is this that has rendered the investigation of the material for St. Francis so difficult. All these Lives, including the second one by THOMAS OF CELANO, may be found in the Acta sanctorum. See "The Sources of