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 396 Readings in European History B. Addi- tional read- ing in English. C. Materials for advanced study. The Albi- genses and Waldensians. LEA, History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, Vol. I: Chapters II-V deal very fully with the development of the Waldensian and Albigensian heresies and the early attempts to suppress them ; Chap- ter VI takes up both the Franciscan and Dominican orders ; while in Chapters VII-XIV there is by far the fullest and best account in Eng- lish of the origin of the papal Inquisition, its organization and methods. This is one of the most scholarly works ever produced in the United States. SABATIER, Life of St. Francis of Assist, translated from the French of the Protestant scholar who has done most to clear up the problems connected with the sources for the saint's life and teachings. A charm- ing book, with a very full and scholarly discussion of the sources. ABB^; LEON LE MONNIER, History of St. Francis of Assist, 1894. From the French edition of 1890. The work of a Catholic, written before the appearance of Sabatier's. JESSOPP, The Coming of the Friars. DRANE, AUGUSTA, History of St. Dominic, Founder of the Friars Preachers, 1891. The oldest and most authentic life of St. Francis, BROTHER LEO'S Mirror of Perfection (see below), is to be had in English (Temple Classics). It was written almost immediately after the death of Francis by one who was anxious that the friars should carefully adhere to the ideas of their founder as they are expressed in his will (see pp. 392 sqq.). The Life of Francis by THE THREE COMPANIONS, written in 1246, is also in the Temple Classics. The Little Flowers of St. Francis is a charming collection of anecdotes about him, which was probably written in the fourteenth century. SCHMIDT, CH., Histoire et doctrine de la secte de Cathares ou Albi- geois, 2 vols., 1849. Rather old but still the best full account. It may be controlled by Lea and also by Karl Miiller (Kirchengeschichte, Vol. I), who has given much attention to the heresies of the Middle Ages. See also DOUAIS, Les Albigeois, leurs origines, etc., Paris, 1879, and Tocco, LEresia nel media evo, 1884. For the Waldensians : KARL MULLER, Die Waldenser und ihre einzelnen Gruppen, 1886, and the new edition of COMBA, Histoire des Vaudois, Vol. I, Florence, 1901. We have to rely for the sources of our knowledge of the heretics mainly upon the writings of their Catholic opponents and upon the reports of the inquisitors. An excellent review by CH. DE SMEDT of the writers who deal with the Albigenses will be found in the Revue des Questions Historiques, Vol. XVI, pp. 433 sqq. The most considerable