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 264 Readings in European History work in 967, when Otto was at the height of his power. See extracts above, pp. 249 sq. (In the octavo edition of the Monumenta, and in the Geschichtschreiber, Vol. XXXIII.) LIUTPRAND OF CREMONA (d. ca. 973). See above, pp. 255 sqq. (In the octavo edition of the Afonumenta, and long extracts with excellent introduction by WATTENBACH in Geschichtschreiber, Vol. XXIX.) HROSVITA, a nun of Gandersheim, who died about the year 1000, com posed a metrical account of Otto's deeds, but is especially well known for her dramas, which were suggested by those of Terence, but have little in common with their model either in style or substance. (Her historical works are in the octavo edition of the Monumenta, and in the Geschicht- schreiber,~Vo. XXXII. Her dramas may be found in her works edited by Winterfeld, 1902, and with a French version in MAGNIN, Theatre de Hrosvita. See EBERT, Vol. Ill, pp. 285 sqq.) RUOTGER, Life of Bruno, written about 966, immediately after the archbishop's death. See extracts above, pp. 259 sq. (In the octavo edition, and Geschichtschreiber, Vol. XXX.) For the early eleventh century the following writers are of especial note : THIETMAR, bishop of Merseburg, completed a history of the three Ottos and Henry II in 1018. (In the octavo edition, and Geschicht- schreiber, Vol. XXXIX.) HERMANN OF REICHENAU (called Contractus, i.e. the lame), who died in 1054, is one of the ablest historians of his time. His Chronicle is, of course, especially valuable for his own age, but he used an excellent source for the previous century, which has been lost, and his work is therefore as authoritative and rather more complete and orderly than the Annals of Quedlinburg, Hildesheim, etc., which belong to the latter part of the tenth century. (In the Monumenta, and Geschichtschreiber, Vol. XLII.) LAMBERT OF HERSFELD, the most elegant writer of the earlier Middle Ages, brings his annals down to 1077. Formerly greatly admired, he has of late been accused of partiality and unfairness. (In the octavo edition, and Geschichtschreiber, Vol. XLIII.) For Gerbert's letters and the French sources, see above, p. 219 sqq. For the history of the papacy from the break-up of Charlemagne's empire to the time of Gregory VII, the following works are to be especially recommended : LANGEN, Geschichte der romischen Kirche (see above, p. 84), Vol. III. DELARC, St. Gregoire VII et la Reforme de I'Eglise au XI e siecle, 3 vols., 1889. The author is a Catholic; he devotes Vols. I and II of