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 drawn; from seemingly conflicting methods, harmony has been deduced. An examination of the synchronic and diachronic elements of language (elements of a state of language and of a phase of its evolution, respectively—de Saussure) has shown an unmistakable unity of linguistic laws regardless of the bifurcations through which they have been approached. Everywhere appear the fundamental laws which bristle with integral characteristics of opposing axes.

Scientific methods applied to linguistic research have separated the abstract entities from the concrete: the soul of a word no longer is confused with its form in sound or with its graphic sign; the spirit of a tongue is not confounded with its sustentacular principles. Many difficulties have been cleared away, which formerly obscured the unities of the concrete and the abstract phenomena of linguistics. Modern methods have enabled some of the more intelligent of our specialists to discuss, with a semblance of reason, such