Page:Radio-activity.djvu/428

 product D. This calculation is confirmed by observations to be given later on the amount of D and E in old radium.

It may be of interest to mention that the writer calculated the period of radium F by a similar method, before its value was experimentally determined, and found that F should be half transformed in about one year. This is not very different from the experimental value of 143 days found later. In addition, it was assumed in the calculation that the α particles from C and F were projected with the same velocity, and in consequence produced the same amount of ionization. In practice, however, it is found that the α particle of F is absorbed in about half the distance of the α particles of C, and in consequence produces only about half of the ionization of the latter. If this correction were made, the calculated period for half transformation would be six months instead of one year.

A table of the transformation products of radium, together with some of their physical and chemical properties, is given below.

+-+-++-+ +-+-++-+ +-+-++-+
 * Transformation |Time to be half|      Rays      | Chemical and Physical |
 * Products    |  transformed  |                |      Properties       |
 * Radium          |  1200 years   |  α rays  |         —            |
 * [v]           |               |                |                       |
 * Emanation       |   3·8 days    |  α rays  | Chemically inert gas; |
 * [v]           |               |                |  condenses at 150° C. |
 * Radium A}       |    3 mins.    |  α rays  |}Behaves as solid;     |
 * |   }        |               |                |} deposited on the     |
 * |   }        |               |                |} surface of bodies;   |
 * |   } Active |               |                |} concentrated on      |
 * |   } deposit|               |                |} cathode in electric  |
 * [v]  } of     |               |                |} field                |
 * ::  B} rapid  |   21 mins.    |    no rays     |}Soluble in strong     |
 * |   } change |               |                |} acids; volatile at   |
 * |   }        |               |                |} a white heat. B is   |
 * [v]  }        |               |                |} more volatile than A |
 * ::  C}        |   28 mins.    |α, β,|} or C                 |
 * |            |               | γ rays   |}                      |
 * [v]           |               |                |                       |
 * ::  D}        |about 40 years |    no rays     | Soluble in strong     |
 * |   }        |               |                |  acids and volatilized|
 * |   } Active |               |                |  below 1000° C.       |
 * |   } deposit|               |                |                       |
 * |   } of     |               |                |                       |
 * [v]  } slow   |               |                |                       |
 * ::  E} change |    6 days     |β (and     | Non-volatile at       |
 * |   }        |               | γ)       |  1000°C.              |
 * [v]  }        |               |                |                       |
 * ::  F}        |   143 days    |  α rays  | Volatile at 1000° C;  |
 * |              |                |  deposited from       |
 * |              |                |  solution on to       |
 * |              |                |  bismuth plate.       |