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 residues obtained from the treatment of uranium minerals. It is thus obvious that the expense and labour involved in preparation of a minute quantity of radium are very great.

M. and Mme Curie were indebted for their first working material to the Austrian government, who generously presented them with a ton of the treated residue of uranium materials from the State manufactory of Joachimsthal in Bohemia. With the assistance of the Academy of Science and other societies in France, funds were given to carry out the laborious work of separation. Later the Curies were presented with a ton of residues from the treatment of pitchblende by the Société Centrale de Produits Chimiques of Paris. The generous assistance afforded in this important work is a welcome sign of the active interest taken in these countries in the furthering of purely scientific research.

The rough concentration and separation of the residues was performed in the chemical works, and there followed a large amount of labour in purification and concentration. In this manner, the Curies were able to obtain a small quantity of radium which was enormously active compared with uranium. No definite results have yet been given on the activity of pure radium, but the Curies estimate that it is about one million times that of uranium, and may possibly be still higher. The difficulty of making a numerical estimate for such an intensely active body is very great. In the electric method, the activities are compared by noting the relative strength of the maximum or saturation current between two parallel plates, on one of which the active substance is spread. On account of the intense ionization of the gas between the plates, it is not possible to reach the saturation current unless very high voltages are applied. Approximate comparisons can be made by the use of metal screens to cut down the intensity of the radiations, if the proportion of the radiation transmitted by such a screen has been determined by direct experiment on impure material of easily measurable activity. The value of the activity of radium compared with that of uranium will however vary to some extent according to which of the three types of rays is taken as a basis of comparison.

It is thus difficult to control the final stages of the purification of radium by measurements of its activity alone. Moreover the activity of radium immediately after its preparation is only about