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 emanation passed unchanged in amount through a white-hot platinum tube and through a tube cooled to the temperature of solid carbon dioxide. In later experiments the effects of still lower temperatures were examined, and it was then found that at the temperature of liquid air both emanations were condensed.

If either emanation is conveyed by a slow stream of hydrogen, oxygen, or air through a metal spiral immersed in liquid air, and placed in connection with a testing vessel as in Fig. 51, no trace of emanation escapes in the issuing gas. When the liquid air is removed and the spiral plunged into cotton-wool, several minutes elapse before any deflection of the electrometer needle is observed, and then the condensed emanation volatilizes rapidly, and the movement of the electrometer needle is very sudden, especially in the case of radium. With a fairly large amount of radium emanation, under the conditions mentioned, a very few seconds elapse after the first sign of movement before the electrometer needle indicates a deflection of several hundred divisions per second. It is not necessary in either case that the emanating compound should be retained in the gas stream. After the emanation is condensed in the spiral, the thorium or radium compound may be removed and the gas stream sent directly into the spiral. But in the case of thorium, under these conditions, the effects observed are naturally small owing to the rapid loss of the activity of the emanation with time, which proceeds at the same rate at the temperature of liquid air as at ordinary temperatures.

If a large amount of radium emanation is condensed in a glass U tube, the progress of the condensation can be followed by the eye, by means of the phosphorescence which the radiations excite in the glass. If the ends of the tube are sealed and the temperature allowed to rise, the glow diffuses uniformly throughout the tube, and can be concentrated at any point to some extent by local cooling of the tube with liquid air.

166. Experimental arrangements. A simple experimental arrangement to illustrate the condensation and volatilization of the emanation and some of its characteristic properties is shown in