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 any, extra damping is required. A light platinum wire with a single loop dipping in sulphuric acid is generally sufficient for the purpose.

With light needle systems and delicate suspensions, it is only necessary to charge the needle to a potential of a few hundred volts to give a sensibility of several thousand divisions for a volt. With such low potentials, the difficulty of insulation of the condenser, with which the needle is in electrical connection, is much reduced. It is convenient to use a condenser such that the potential of the needle does not fall more than a few per cent. per day. The ordinary short glass jar partly filled with sulphuric acid is, in most cases, not easy to insulate to this extent. It is better to replace it by an ebonite (or sulphur) condenser such as is shown in Fig. 15.

Fig. 15.

A circular plate of ebonite about 1 cm. thick is turned down until it is not more than 1/2 mm. thick in the centre. Into this circular recess a brass plate B fits loosely. The ebonite plate rests on another brass plate C connected with earth. The condenser thus formed has a considerable capacity and retains a charge for a long time. In order to make connection with the needle, a small glass vessel D, partly filled with sulphuric acid, is placed on the plate B and put in connection with the needle by means of a fine platinum wire. The platinum wire from the needle dips into the acid, and serves to damp the needle. In a dry atmosphere, a condenser of this kind will not lose more than 20 per cent. of its charge in a week. If the insulation deteriorates, it can readily be made good by rubbing the edge of the ebonite A with sand-paper, or removing its surface in a lathe.

If a sufficient and steady is available, it is much better to keep the battery constantly connected with the needle, and to