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 lips being closed. The expi&shy;ration is very feeble and when the v is nasalised, the weak stream of breath passes through the nose. Hence we get mʹ for v. It is not clear to me why those younger people who retain the bilabial v should not substi&shy;tute mʹ for this sound but it should be borne in mind that they are giving up nasal&shy;isation. This mʹ is common in rïmʹə = rï̃və, ‘before’; kïmʹnʹə, kïmʹnʹαχ = kï̃vnʹə, kï̃vnʹαχ; ïmʹirʹ, ï̃virʹ, ‘number’, is a rare word only known to a few. Perhaps the doublets dʹi꞉mʹαs, dʹi꞉vαs, ‘dis&shy;respect’, O.Ir. dímess are to be accounted for in this way, but the same un&shy;certainty exists in dʹi꞉wu꞉nuw, dʹi꞉munuw, ‘bad manners’.

αmʹlʹuw, ‘bad usage, abuse’ in Nα to꞉rʹ αmʹlʹuw də NʹαLαχ lʹeʃ ə wαduw, ‘do not let the dog hound the cattle’, adj. αmʹlʹi꞉ is obscure. Dinneen has amhluadh, amhlat.

A voiceless mʹ occurs in the futures Lʹeim̥ʹi ʃə, ‘he will jump’; sNỹ꞉m̥ʹə mʹə, ‘I shall fasten’, also past part. sNỹ꞉m̥ʹə.

mə, ‘my’, becomes mʹ before an O.Ir. palatal initial or before fʹ, e.g. erʹ mʹiNʹtʹiNʹ, ‘on my mind’; mʹαr, ‘my husband’; and even mʹïpʹ, ‘my whip’ (fwïpʹ).

The sound denoted by this symbol is formed much further back against the soft palate than is the case with English or German ŋ. Initially it only occurs as the eclipsed form of g, e.g. ə ŋrα꞉, ‘in love’; mər ŋo꞉r, ‘your goat’; erʹ ŋö̤꞉r, ‘our hound’; ə ŋlakit(ʹ) ʃə, ‘if he should take’.

ŋ usually corresponds to O.Ir. medial and final ng, as in αŋ, ‘splice in a shirt’, cp. tα꞉ αŋ wα͠ıç tαlïv əgəd, Di. eang (with different meaning); αŋαχ, ‘fisherman’s net’, Di. eangach; bʹαŋlαn, ‘prong’, Meyer bengán, benglán; dro̤ŋ, ‘crowd’, M.Ir. drong; ïŋə, ‘nail’, O.Ir. inga; kʹαŋləm, ‘I tie’, M.Ir. cenglaim; Lo̤ŋ ‘ship’, M.Ir. long; mʹαŋuw gα꞉rʹə, ‘smile’, cp. Di. meanghail < M.Ir. meng; srαŋ, ‘band, string’, M.Ir. sreng; srɑŋədi꞉, ‘reaching over’, cp. Di. sreangaim; ʃαŋ, v. §, M.Ir. seng; ʃαŋαn, ‘ant’, M.Ir. sengán; tʹαŋy, ‘tongue’, O.Ir. tenge.

In one word borrowed from Teutonic and in a number of obscure forms we find the combi&shy;nation ŋg as in English ‘finger’, viz. Lαŋgə, ‘ling (a fish)’, Norse langa (Macbain); αŋguw, ‘a festering sore’, adj. αŋguwαχ, cp. Meyer angbaid-echt; kɔrəbʹïŋgə, ‘haunch’, Di. coragiob, bʹïŋguw, ‘stagger’, cp. wuiLʹ ʃə dɔ꞉rN mo꞉r ɔrəm αχ Nʹi꞉rʹ wiNʹ ʃə bʹïŋguw əsəm, ‘he gave me a heavy blow