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 torad—“In Teelin, Don., a righin a reatha (either = de righin an reatha or ar éigin an reatha) = hardly, scarcely”. This is very unlikely and I always imagined that the phrase contained ʃi꞉nʹuw, ‘to extend’, = de shíneadh reatha, which will be found in Dinneen under síneadh but the s should be aspirated. With hi꞉nʹ ə rʹαhə compare iʃkʹə rαhə, ‘running water’ with r. ərʹeirʹ, ‘according to’, < do réir, retains the rʹ, whilst O.Ir. ríar has become rö̤꞉r (r⅄꞉r), Di. soi-riartha = sɔr⅄꞉r̥ə. The rʹ dis&shy;tinguish&shy;es this phrase from ərɛirʹ, ‘last night’, M.Ir. irráir. With rï̃və, ‘before’, we may compare ərʹiuw, ‘over’, O.Ir. ríam (so also in Monaghan, v. G. J. 1896 p. 146 col. 2). ərʹiuw has been influ&shy;enced by erʹ eʃ, ‘back’, = air ais with ar for dar, tar; similarly ərʹi꞉ʃtʹ, ‘again’, Meyer arís. mʹi꞉rʹiαLtə, ‘unruly’, Di. mi-riaghalta, is of interest when compared with rö̤꞉l, ‘rule’, O.Ir. ríagul, riagol.

rʹ is the aspirated form of initial fʹrʹ, e.g. ərʹ rʹïgər sə, ‘did he reply?’; Nʹi꞉ fo̤rəst mwirʹ əs trα꞉i ə rʹαstəl = ní furust muir agus tráigh do fhreastal. But even here r is often substi&shy;tuted, e.g. rïgər sə, ‘he answered’.

A voiceless rʹ with strongly breathed off-glide occurs in a few words, (a) r̥ʹ = rʹ + h < fh in futures, e.g. gyr̥ʹə mʹə, ‘I shall call’; kyr̥ʹə mʹə, ‘I shall put’; Lo꞉r̥ʹə mʹə, ‘I shall speak’. (b) r̥ʹ = r + ç, e.g. bwer̥ʹi꞉nʹ, ‘spancel’, < buarach + ín; mwir̥ʹi꞉Lʹə, ‘sleeve’, Di. muin&shy;chille. (c) r̥ʹ = h (< th) + rʹ, e.g. ær̥ʹαχə, ‘fathers’; ær̥ʹi꞉, ‘regret, penance’, M.Ir. aithrige; ærʹαχəs, ‘repent&shy;ance, compunc&shy;tion’, M.Ir. aith&shy;rechus; kαir̥ʹαmʹ, ‘triumph’, M.Ir. caithréim; kαir̥ʹiɔrʹ, ‘citizen’, Meyer cathraig&shy;theóir, kαir̥αχə, ‘cities’; ky꞉r̥ʹə, gen. sing. of ky꞉r’, ‘flame’; kyr̥ʹimʹ, gen. sing. of kɔr̥əm, ‘even, level’, where ə has come to be regarded as a svara&shy;bhakti vowel, cp. ku꞉rʹimʹ gen. sing. of ku꞉rəm, ‘care’; kʹer̥ʹi꞉nʹ, ‘plaster’, Di. ceirín, Meyer céirín (§ ); kʹɛdi꞉nʹ ə Luər̥ʹi꞉, ‘Ash Wednesday’, Di. luaith&shy;reach; Luir̥ʹəwαn, ‘ashes’, Di. luaith&shy;reamhán; mαir̥αχə, ‘mothers’. (d) r̥ʹ = rʹ +h < sh in fʹier̥ʹu꞉lʹ, ‘squint-eye’, cp. Di. fíar-shúileach.

Of the labials in general Henebry writes (p. 49): “The upper teeth are not used and so there is freedom for the produc&shy;tion of broad and slender timbre. In regard to distance from teeth, rounding, or tension, the lips are by antici&shy;pation in position for the following vowel before the contact or approach for consonant produc&shy;tion is made, and so broad and slender