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 :rdʹ, e.g. kα꞉rdʹə, ‘friends’, O.Ir. cairtea; kα꞉rdʹαχ, ‘friendly’.
 * rN, e.g. bʹα꞉rN, ‘gap’, M.Ir. bern; dʹα꞉rNəd, ‘flea’, Di. deargnait, M.Ir. dergnat; Nʹi꞉ hα꞉rN, ‘did not do’, Wi. derna; kα꞉rN, ‘heap’, gen. sing. kα꞉rNʹ, M.Ir. carn; tα꞉rNαχtə, ‘bare, naked’, Wi. tarr‑.
 * rNʹ, e.g. tα꞉rNʹə, ‘nail’, Wi. tairnge but not in tαrNʹtʹ, ‘to pull’, Wi. tairrngim.
 * rL̥, e.g. pα꞉rL̥αn, proper name, M.Ir. Partholón.
 * R, e.g. bα꞉r, ‘top’ but bαrçiç, ‘a light shower’ beside bα꞉riəL, ‘short leather lace’; fʹα꞉r, ‘better’, O.Ir. ferr; gα꞉ri꞉, ‘garden’, Di. garraidhe, M.Ir. garrda; gʹα꞉r, ‘short’, M.Ir. gerr, ə ɲα꞉r αmə, ‘in a short time’ but in the meaning of ‘moderate’ we find gʹαr, as in gʹαriə, ‘hare’, Di. gearr&shy;fhiadh, gʹαrwα̃iç, ‘pretty good’. In verbal roots ending in r < R, the long vowel alter&shy;nates with the short. Thus gʹαruw, ‘to cut’, pret. jα꞉r mʹə, fut. gʹα꞉r̥ə mʹə, past part. gʹα꞉r̥ə, imperf. pass. jα꞉rti꞉, gʹα꞉r̥αχə, plur. of gʹαruw, ‘cutting pains’; similarly bʹαruw, ‘to shear’, pret. vα꞉r mʹə, past part. bʹα꞉r̥ə. From these forms it appears that lengthen&shy;ing is the rule before r̥ < rrth. For this compare α꞉r̥uw, ‘change’ infin. to M.Ir. aither&shy;raigim; pα꞉r̥u꞉s, ‘paradise’, Di. parrthas, O.Ir. pardus; tα꞉r̥ælʹ, ‘to assist, succour’, Di. tárrtháil, cp. M.Ir. tarraid, tarr&shy;thatar. Note that there is no lengthen&shy;ing before r̥ < thr in kʹαr̥uw, ‘quarter’, Wi. cethramad.

In tʹα(꞉)mpəL, ‘a Protestant church or chapel’ there is hesitation between α and α꞉.

3. ɔ.

In this book ɔ is used to denote an unrounded form of the low-back-wide-round English vowel in ‘not’. This low-back ɔ is general in the English of the in&shy;habitants of the north-west of Ireland and suggests to an English ear rather an a than an o-sound but α and ɔ are kept fairly distinct, though α, ɔ, o̤ are very close to one another in formation.

In stressed syllables ɔ usually arises from O.Ir. o before non-palatal con&shy;sonants. Un&shy;fortunate&shy;ly o̤ frequent&shy;ly occurs under the same con&shy;ditions and hard and fast rules cannot be