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 formerly called, a "tun dish." The funnel has its outlet of such a size as to fit the case to be filled, the wire or rod is somewhat smaller than this outlet, and is provided at the upper end with a knob for the hand. The end of the funnel, which is filled with composition, is inserted in the upright case. The wire is then drawn up, thus freeing a small quantity of the composition which runs down into the case, the lowering of the wire pushing it into position. In order to render the downward movement more effective, the wire is often notched, but it is doubtful if this actually increases the efficiency. This action is rapidly repeated until the case is filled.

This method, although simple, is very effective, and in the hands of a practised worker is exceedingly quick.

Charging is adopted where the contents have to be solidified in the case. The composition is introduced in small quantities with a scoop of suitable size and consolidated by repeated blows with a wooden mallet on a "drift." The drift is a cylindrical wooden tool of a size to fit the case, and an enlargement at the upper end to receive the blow of the mallet.

The methods of charging the various forms of fireworks will be dealt with later under their separate headings.

The method of charging rockets in use in the sixteenth century are those of to-day, and it is remarkable that no satisfactory alternative to hand charging has yet been devised. Mechanical hammering and hydraulic pressure have both been tried, but so far with limited success.

Stars which are used in Roman candles and as garniture for rockets and shells, are of many kinds and combinations, but with the exception of some which are in effect complete miniature fireworks, they are constructed on one of three methods—they are either "pumped," "pinched" or "charged."

The pump used in the first of these operations consists of