Page:Pre-Aryan Tamil Culture.djvu/42

 kōṇam, the spear, īṭṭi, iṭṭi, kaḻukkaḍai, kaḻumuḷ, the and the javelin, vēl, the implement of Murugan, eyil, araṇam, ehkam, [from ehku, (1) sharp, (2) steel], kundam, ñāṅgar,  shorter ones being uḍambiḍi, viṭṭeṛu, etc.; the trident, kaḻu, kāḻ, the battle-axe maḻu, kaṇichchi, kundāli, kuḷir, taṇṇam; the arrow, ambu, kaṇai, kadiram, (allied to kadir, ray, spike) kō, kōl, toḍai, tōṇi, pagaḻi, paḷḷam, puḍai, vaṇḍu, vāli; the arrow being one of the earliest implements used by  Tamils in fighting with animals and men, has so many names; so to the string of the bow., [sic] nāṇ, nāṇi, pūram, āvam, toḍai, nāri, narambu, pūṭṭu, the particular point where the arrow was place being called uḍu. The defensive weapons were the shield kēḍagam, kiḍugu, kaḍagam, taṭṭu, pariśai, palagai, maṛai, vaṭtaṇam, vaṭṭam; those made of hide were distinguisher as tōl, toṛparam, and of cane as taṇḍai, vaḷḷi. A coat of was mēḻagam, araṇi, āśu, kandaḷam, gauntlets for protecting the hands, being called kaippuḍai.

Drums and other musical instruments were used in warfare inspire men and elephants (and later, horses) with martial  Musical instruments generally were called iyam, vāttiyam,, isaikkaruvi, iśai, being the general term for music. instruments were divided into four kinds, toṛkaruvi, those with leather, tuḷaikkaruvi, those provided with holes, narambukkaruvi, stringed instruments, and miḍaṛṛukkaruvi, throat-instruments Seven names of notes belonging to Tamil are kural, tuttam, kaikkiḷai, uḷai, iḷi, viḷari, and tāram, said to be produce respectively in the throat, the tongue, the palate, the head, the  the pharynx, and the nose. Perhaps these are the seven notes of scale. The chief wind-instrument was the kuḻal, the flute, of there were many kinds, paṇai, made of the bamboo, āmbal,  reed, konṛai, of the fruit of the Cassia perforated and mullai, of  creeper Jasminum trichotomum twisted to serve as a flute. were also different forms of the trumpet, tārai, kāḷam, kākaḷam, ammiyam, śinnam, the cornet or horn, kombu, kōḍu, iralai, vayir.

The chief stringed instrument was the yāḻ. There were varieties of it, one for each of the five regions. The number of string in the yāḻ varied from four to seven, sixteen, seventeen, twenty-one.

A yāḻ was composed of various parts: 'its pattal ( sounding-board) had its edges depressed and its middle raised, like