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 belongs the honour of beginning from 1861 a monumental general history, which has since been continued by other hands. Other useful scholars in this field were from 1856 Emil Naumann (d. 1888) and from 1861 August Reissmann (d. 1903), both of Berlin.

From the multitude of biographical sketches and monographs issued between 1830 and 1870 the following examples may be selected as illustrating the manifold lines of investigation:—Angelo Catelani of Modena (d. 1866) made studies of A. and N. Vicentino (1851), Petrucci (1856), Orazio Vecchi (1858), Merulo (1860) and Stradella (1866). Petrucci was also treated in 1845 by Anton Schmid of Vienna (d. 1857); and Stradella in 1866 by Paulin Richard of Paris. Palestrina and Giovanni Gabrieli were discussed by Von Winterfeld (see above); and Lassus in 1836 by Henri Florent Delmotte of Mons (d. 1836), in 1838 by Auguste Mathieu of Brussels, and in 1841 by Kist of Utrecht; and Sweelinck in 1859-60 by Richard Hol of Amsterdam (d. 1904). Concerning Bach, appeared works in 1850 by Karl Hermann Bitter of Berlin (d. 1885), who also wrote on Bach's sons, and from 1873 by Philipp Spitta of Berlin (d. 1894)—the standard work; and concerning Handel in 1857 by Victor Schölcher (d. 1893), and from 1858 by Friedrich Chrysander of Berlin (d. 1901)—another standard work. Haydn was treated at Vienna in 1861 by Theodor Georg von Karajan (d. 1873), in 1861 by Konstantin Würzbach (d. 1893), and especially from 1867 by Karl Ferdinand Pohl (d. 1887). Mozart was studied in 1844 by the Russian Alexander Ulibischew (d. 1858), in 1845 by Edward Holmes of London (d. 1859), in 1856-9 with greatest fullness by Otto Jahn of Bonn (d. 1869), in 1862-4 by Ludwig von Köchel of Vienna (d. 1877), in 1865 by Ludwig Nohl of Heidelberg (d. 1885), in 1868 by Moritz Karasowski of Dresden (d. 1892), and in 1869 by Würzbach. Gluck was treated in 1854 by Anton Schmid of Vienna (d. 1857) and in 1863 by Marx of Berlin (d. 1866). Beethoven literature was developed in 1838 by Franz Gerhard Wegeler of Coblentz (d. 1848) and Ferdinand Ries of Frankfort (d. 1838), in 1840-2 by Anton Schindler of Vienna (d. 1864), from 1852 by Wilhelm von Lenz of St. Petersburg (d. 1883), in 1858 by Marx of Berlin, in 1862 by Édouard Gregoir of Antwerp (d. 1890), and especially from 1864 by Nohl of Heidelberg, Martin Gustav Nottebohm of Vienna (d. 1882), and the American Alexander Wheelock Thayer (d. 1897). Weber was described in 1862 by Hippolyte Barbedette (d. 1901), and especially in 1864-8 by his son Max Maria von Weber. Schubert was considered from 1861 by Heinrich Kreissle von Hellborn of Vienna (d. 1869) and others; Mendelssohn in 1848 by Wilhelm Adolf Lampadius of Leipsic (d. 1892), in 1850 by Julius Benedict of London (d. 1885), in 1866 by Julius Schubring and in 1869 by Eduard Devrient; and Schumann in 1858 by Joseph von Wasielewski of Dresden (d. 1896).

To these might be added very numerous works of varying merit on many opera-writers and virtuosi, especially those associated with Paris. In the field of special biography Pougin of Paris and Reissmann of Berlin had already become conspicuous before 1870.

Autobiographies or reminiscences appeared in 1833 from the organist Rinck; in 1847 from the opera-writer Konradin Kreutzer; about 1857 from