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at Brussels, in 1817 at Vienna and Paris (Choron's Church Music School), in 1819-22 at Berlin (Institute for Church Music), in 1822 at London (Royal Academy), in 1826 at The Hague, in 1827 at Liège, in 1829 at Genoa and in 1830 at Madrid. That at Bologna was not significant till reorganized in 1881 under Luigi Mancinelli, followed in 1886 by ''Giuseppe Martucci and in 1902 by Enrico Bossi''. At Milan the director till 1814 was Asioli (d. 1832), but the institution was not prominent till restored in 1850 by Lauro Rossi (d. 1885), succeeded in 1872 by Alberto Mazzucato (d. 1877), Ronchetti-Monteviti (d. 1882), Antonio Bazzini (d. 1897) and G. Gallignani. At Naples the best-known directors have been from 1837 Zingarelli (d. 1837) and from 1840 Mercadante (d. 1870), who was followed in 1871-8 by Lauro Rossi (d. 1885). At Prague the directors have been from 1811 Dionys Weber (d. 1842), in 1843-65 J. F. Kittl (d. 1868), from 1865 Josef Krejči (d. 1881), in 1882-1901 Anton Bennewitz and from 1901 Karl Knittl, assisted by Anton Dvořák (d. 1904). At Brussels since the reorganization in 1832 there have been two directors, Fétis (d. 1871) and Gevaert. At Vienna the direction was by committee till the appointment in 1844-8 of Gottfried Preyer (d. 1901), followed from 1851 by Joseph Hellmesberger (d. 1893), Johann Fuchs (d. 1899) and ''Richard von Perger''. (On the Berlin Institut see sec. 219, and on the London Royal Academy see sec. 186.) At The Hague the list includes ''Johann Heinrich Lübeck (d. 1865), Willem Nicolai (d. 1896) and Henri Viotta''. At Liège the standard was set by Louis Joseph Daussoigne-Méhul (d. 1875), followed in 1862 by Étienne Joseph Soubre (d. 1871) and in 1872 by Jean Théodore Radoux. At Genoa the director since 1898 is ''Giovanni Battista Polleri''. At Madrid recent directors have been from 1877 ''Arrieta y Corera (d. 1894) and Monasterio'' (d. 1903).

Before 1870 this list was increased by the founding of conservatories in 1833 at Ghent and Lisbon, in 1843 at Leipsic, in 1845 at Rotterdam, in 1846 at Munich, in 1850 at Berlin (Stern), in 1855 at Strassburg and Berlin (Kullak), in 1856 at Dresden and Stuttgart, in 1860 at Florence, in 1861 at Warsaw, in 1862 at Amsterdam and St. Petersburg, in 1865 at Turin and Christiania, in 1866 at Moscow and Copenhagen, and in 1867 at Antwerp. At Ghent the directors have been Martin Joseph Mengal (d. 1851), Jean Andries (d. 1872), Adolphe Samuel (d. 1898), and Émile Mathieu. (On the Leipsic conservatory see sec. 196.) Recent directors at Rotterdam have been in 1865-74 Woldemar Bargiel (d. 1897), in 1874-90 Friedrich Gernsheim, in 1890-5 Richard von Perger, and later Sikemeyer. At Munich the list includes till 1865 Franz Hauser (d. 1870), in 1867-9 Bülow (d. 1894), from 1869 Joseph Rheinberger (d. 1901) and in 1901-4 Bernhard Stavenhagen. (On the Stern and Kullak schools at Berlin see sec. 219.) At Strassburg special success has been won since 1871 by Franz Stockhausen. (On Dresden see sec. 209.) At Stuttgart the first director was Faiszt (d. 1894), followed by Samuel de Lange. At Florence the first director was Baldassare Gamucci (d. 1892), and at present is Guido Tacchinardi. At Warsaw worked Apollinaire de Kontski (d. 1879) and Alexander Zarzycki (d. 1895). At Amsterdam we find till 1895 Franz Coenen (d. 1904), followed by Daniel de Lange.