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 the Gewandhaus orchestra and finally the brilliant Conservatory—these together making the city a Mecca for musicians for many decades. That Schumann should settle here and found his new magazine was almost inevitable. After the mid-point of the century other cities in Germany became rivals of Leipsic in influence, but before that time it was plainly the musical centre for the whole of northern Europe.

The constructive work of Breitkopf & Härtel in publishing, often on an extremely liberal scale, complete, critical editions of the works of great composers became most striking during the later decades of the century (not here under review), but the same spirit has always marked their policy. The 19th-century development of the firm was due to the energy of Gottfried Christoph Härtel (d. 1827) and his sons and grandsons. About 1800 the process of printing from soft-metal plates was introduced, and in 1805 the new process of lithography. Early examples of extensive editions issued were the works of Mozart (1798-1816), Haydn (1800-6), Clementi (1800-18) and Dussek (1814-8). Foremost among the monumental publications of later years were the works of Bach (1851-96), followed by those of Handel (vols. 1-18, 1859-64), Mendelssohn, Chopin, Schumann, Schubert, Palestrina, Schütz, Grétry, Lassus, Sweelinck, Victoria, Gluck, Berlioz, etc. Besides these, from about 1850 the firm has been active, with others, in issuing cheap editions of classical works.

As illustrating the importance of Leipsic as a publishing centre, the following list may be given of the leading houses established there during the century:—in 1800 the Bureau de Musique of Hofmeister, from which in 1814 branched off the extensive business of C. F. Peters; in 1831 the house of Kistner (succeeding to that of Probst); in 1832 the branch of Schuberth's Hamburg house; in 1846 those of Siegel and Röder; in l850 that of Senff; in 1851 that of Kahnt; in l862 those of Forberg and Garbrecht; and in 1866 those of Fritzsch and Seitz.

The Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (quarterly since 1811) was founded in 1798 by Breitkopf & Härtel and Johann Friedrich Rochlitz (d. 1842), who was editor till 1818 and contributor till 1835. In 1826-42 the editor was Gottfried Wilhelm Fink (d. 1846); in 1843-4 Hauptmann (d. 1868), the cantor at the Thomasschule and professor in the new conservatory; in 1846-8 Johann Christian Lobe (d. 1881), a diligent teacher and composer; in 1868-71 and 1875-82 the indefatigable Friedrich Chrysander (d. 1901). Though always more conservative than the Neue Zeitschrift, the Zeitung has been a power in musical scholarship and criticism.

Among many other periodicals, mention may be made of the Signale für die musikalische Welt (weekly), founded in 1843 by Bartholf Senff (d. 1900) and edited by him till his death; the two weeklies, Die Sängerhalle and Die neue Sängerhalle, founded in 1861 and 1862 in connection with the fresh interest in male choruses that led in 1862 to the organization of the Deutsche Sängerbund out of the previously dis