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began in 1827; in 1834 it was merged with another venture into the Revue et gazette musicale, which was continued ably until 1880.

In England the initial periodical was the Quarterly Musical Magazine, founded in 1818 by Richard Mackenzie Bacon (d. 1844), which appeared until 1829. In 1823 William Ayrton (d. 1858), a London teacher and critic, founded the Harmonicon, which also persisted for about a decade.

Fortunato Santini (d. 1862), a Roman abbé and organist, about 1800 became famous as a collector and copyist of rare and valuable scores, accumulating by indefatigable research at least 1000 works representing every period, of which he issued a catalogue (1820). Many of his copies were unique, because scored from detached parts found at different places. He himself composed worthily in strict style, and was also active in making German music and musicians known in Italy.

In Germany important libraries were collected by Georg Pölchau of Berlin (d. 1836), which became the nucleus of the music section of the Royal Library, and by A. F. J. Thibaut of Heidelberg (d. 1840), the latter being peculiarly rich in folk-music.

A sure evidence of the increasing popular interest in music was the growth of the business of publishing and selling music. The early decades of the century saw the founding of many houses that have since acquired international fame. Thus at Berlin the house of Schlesinger was started in 1795, and that of Trautwein in 1820. In Leipsic the firm of Peters was developed in 1814 out of an earlier enterprise. In Hamburg the house of Cranz was founded in 1813, and that of Schuberth in 1826, with a Leipsic branch from 1832. In Vienna Antonio Diabelli (d. 1858), a pupil of Michael Haydn, in 1824 formed the firm known by his name; similarly Tobias Haslinger (d. 1842), a pupil of Gloggl, after many years as a subordinate, in 1826 was advanced to proprietorship. At Milan the now famous house of Ricordi began in 1808 very modestly under Giovanni Ricordi (d. 1853), who had studied engraving at Leipsic. At Paris the firm of Richault was established in 1805, and that of Schlesinger in 1823 by the eldest son of the Berlin publisher. In London the great business of Novello had its start in 1811 under Vincent Novello (d. 1861), a good composer and editor of sacred music, with which in 1867 was united that of Ewer, founded in 1820; that of Chappell in 1812; that of Boosey in 1816; and that of Cocks in 1823.

188. Summary of the Period.—The first third of the 19th century had close connections with both the period before and the period following. It witnessed the crowning achievements of the Viennese school which began under Haydn, and was therefore the time when the 'classical' movement attained its strongest expression. But it was also the birth-time of the 'romantic' movement, the most characteristic embodiments of which were to start from other centres than Vienna. In some sense the former movement was expressive of the general spirit