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applied by Pierre Alexandre Martin (d. 1879). Devices for strengthening the melody-notes began to be added about 1860. Before 1850, American makers entered the field, introducing several novelties, among them the twisting of the reeds to improve their speech and tone, and the reversion of the wind-supply (drawing the air inward through the reeds).

To the free-reed group belongs the 'concertina,' invented in 1829 by Charles Wheatstone (d. 1875), the eminent English physicist. In 1829, also, the 'accordion' was first made in Vienna by Damian. In these the wind-supply comes from a hand-bellows, to which the reeds are attached, and the keys are small finger-levers or studs. In England the name 'seraphine' was from 1833 applied to a kindred instrument played from a keyboard.

Johann Christian Dietz of Emmerich (d. c. 1845) added to the experiments with friction instruments by his 'melodeon' (1805) and 'trochléon' (1812), besides producing a keyboard harp (1814). In 1810 Friedrich Kaufmann of Dresden (d. 1866) brought out the 'harmonichord,' in which Weber was for a time interested. These are but specimens of many efforts.

108.—Guitars.