Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 37.djvu/635

Rh noa, or profane; the latter ra, or sacred; and most of the interdictions of things tabooed fell on the weaker sex. The women never shared the family meal, and they were regarded as common property in the households of the chiefs, where polygamy was the rule. Before the arrival of the Europeans, infanticide was systematically practiced; in Tahiti and some other groups there existed a special caste, among whom this custom was even regarded as a duty. Hence, doubtless, arose the habit of adopting strange children, almost universal in Tahiti, where it gave rise to all manner of complications connected with the tenure and inheritance of property.

In Polynesia the government was almost everywhere centered in the hands of powerful chiefs, against whose mandates there was no appeal. A vigorous hierarchy separated the social classes one from another, proprietors being subject to the chiefs, the poor to the rich, the women to the men; but over all custom reigned supreme. This law of taboo, which regulated all movements and every individual act, often pressed hard even on its promulgators, and the terrible penalties it enforced against the contumacious certainly contributed to increase the ferocity of the oceanic populations. Almost the only punishment was death, and human sacrifices in honor of the gods were the crowning religious rite. In some places the victims were baked on the altars, and their flesh, wrapped in taro-leaves, was distributed among the warriors.

Yet, despite the little value attached to human life, the death of adult men gave rise to much mourning and solemn obsequies. Nor was this respect for the departed an empty ceremonial, for the ancestors of the Polynesians were raised to the rank of gods, taking their place with those who hurled the thunderbolt and stirred up the angry waters. A certain victorious hero thus became the god of war, and had to be propitiated with supplications. But the common folk and captives were held to be "soulless," although a spirit was attributed to nearly all natural objects.

his book on The Cradle of the Aryans, Prof. Rendall takes the position of an independent critic. Reviewing the theories that have been offered, and the arguments, both in favor of an Asiatic and of a European origin, he concludes that the portion of the white race to which the Indo-European languages properly belong had its first home in southern Scandinavia, and is best represented by the Swedes and Norwegians of the present day. Father Van den Gheyn, on the other hand, in his recently published pamphlet, L'Origine Européenne des Aryas, sums up the discussion from the point of view of the old theory of a home in the basin of the Oxus and Jaxartes. M. Reinach, reviewing his book, opposes the idea of a European home, but commits himself no further than to say that the spot is "somewhere in Asia."