Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 18.djvu/145

Rh mass of this material at the disposal of the archæologist, and refers in detail to many of the more important inscriptions. Mr. Wood's discovery of the site, and his restoration of the temple at Ephesus, which, in the time of St. Paul, was one of the seven wonders of the world, Mr. Newton presents in his article on "Discoveries at Ephesus," and the discoveries of Dr. Schliemann at Mycenæ in the one following. "Researches in Cyprus," "Discoveries at Olympia," "Greek Art in the Kimmerian Bosporos," and "Greek Numismatics," complete the papers of the volume. A Greek inscription, engraved on the four sides of a stelè of blue marble, which was some years since discovered in the Castle of St. Peter, at Budrum, is reproduced in an appendix.

new feature in this edition of this excellent manual is the text upon oxidation and reduction, by Mr. Otis C. Johnson, in which a new interpretation is given to quantivalence. The authors state that the method of Mr. Johnson has proved very successful in teaching, and bespeak for it a careful examination by chemists. The subject is technical, and can be fully understood only by those acquainted with chemical theory and manipulation. Besides the addition of this new matter, the book has been carefully revised, and such improvements made as the experience of actual use in teaching has suggested.

put forth so long ago, the "Thoughts" still possess a value for the modern student of education. Locke's ideas of the purpose and scope of education were greatly in advance of the practice of his own time and of much of that of ours. He recognizes that education is properly a developing of the natural powers, and not a mere loading down the memory with undigested knowledge. Many of his suggestions and recommendations are so entirely in agreement with modern views as to seem commonplace. His advice in the matter of physical education is especially noticeable for its concordance with present medical practice. Dr. J. F. Payne, who contributes valuable notes upon the medical portions of Locke's discourse, finds little to correct in his recommendations, except those advising that children's feet be wet, and they be otherwise exposed, to harden them. Besides the treatise of Locke, the book contains a biographical sketch of him, and a critical estimate of his services in education, and his relation to his predecessor in educational reform, Montaigne, and his successor Rousseau. His plan of working-schools for the children of the poor and his essay "Of Study" form an appendix, while the notes of Dr. Payne, mentioned above, with others not so good, and an index, complete the volume.

was among the first to attempt to introduce into elementary instruction in physics the modern doctrine of molecules and molecular action. In his text-book of natural philosophy, published some twelve years ago, he sought to give it a form suited to the comprehension of the class of students for whom the book was designed. In this revision of the former work he has aimed to do the same thing for the fundamental conception of the science—that of energy. Heat, light, etc., are accordingly presented as so many different manifestations of energy, and not as a number of distinct forces. The work is arranged to bring out the essential features of the conception, and then to show its applications in explanation of the various groups of phenomena within the scope of physics. The first three chapters are devoted to a gaining of clear ideas of the properties of matter and laws of motion. These lead up to the doctrine of energy, which is explained and illustrated in the