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 affirmed some years before by a Convention of the 13th of July, 1841, at London, between Great Britain, Austria, Prus- ssia, and the Ottoman Empire, "for the purpose of main- taining the principle that the passage of the Straits of Darda- nelles and of the Bosphorus shall remain always closed against foreign ships of War while the Porte is at peace." It is worth noticing, i reference to this subject and the remarks which follow, that in the Treaty of Adrianople, of 1829, the Bosphorus is called "le canal de Constantinople"

Canals, Railways etc. With respect to artificial communications between the terri- tories of different States, or through the territory of one State, but connecting public international highways, the celebrated "Clayton-Bulwer Convention" indi- cated a course and method of Neutralization which have already been fruitful in results, and are likely to be still more so in to come.

Agreements relating to the Isthmus of Panama This convention was entered into at Washington, on the 19th of April, 1850, between Great Britain and the United States. It recites the desire of the contracting parties " to set forth, by a convention, their views and intentions with reference to any means of com- munication by ship-canal, which may be constructed between the Atlantic and Pacifc Oceans, by the way of the river St. Juan de Nicaragua, and either or both of the Capes of Nicaragua or Managua, to any port or place on the Pacfic Ocean." By Arti- cle V. parties engage "that when the said Canal shall have been completed, they will protect it from interruption, seziure, or unjust confiscation, and that they will guarantee the Neutral- ity thereof, so that the said Canal may forever be open and free. and the capital invested therein secure." The Neutrality and secuity were garunteed conditionally on the managers making regulations "not contrary to the spirit and intention of the Con-