Page:Plant succession; an analysis of the development of vegetation.pdf/9

CONTENTS. PAGE. Preface iii List of illustrations X

Concept and Causes of Succession

 * The formation an organism 3


 * Universal occurrence of succession 3


 * Viewpoints of succession 3


 * Succession and sere 4


 * Sere and cosere 4


 * Processes in succession 4

Causes of Succession

 * Relation of causes 5


 * Kinds of causes 5


 * Proximate and remote causes 5

Essential Nature of Succession

 * Developmental aspect 6


 * Functional aspect 7

Early Investigations

 * King, 1685 8


 * Degner, 1729 9


 * Buffon, 1742 9


 * Biberg, 1749 10


 * Anderson, 1794 10


 * De Luc, 1806 10


 * Rennie, 1810 12


 * Dureau, 1825 13


 * Steenstrup, 1842 14


 * Reissek, 1856 16


 * Vaupell, 1857 17


 * von Post, 1861 17


 * Gremblich, 1876 18


 * Müller, 1878-1887 19


 * Other investigations 19

Recent Investigations

 * Blytt, 1876 21


 * Hult, 1885-1887 22


 * Warming, 1891 23


 * MacMillan, 1894-1896 24


 * Warming, 1895 25


 * Graebner, 1895 25


 * Pound and Clements, 1898-1900 26


 * Schimper, 1898 26


 * Cowles, 1899 27


 * Cowles, 1901 28


 * Clements, 1902-1904 29


 * Clements, 1904 29


 * Friih and Schroter, 1904 30


 * Clements, 1905-1907 30


 * Moss, 1907-1910 30


 * Clements, 1910 31


 * Cowles, 1911 31


 * Shantz, 1911 31


 * Tansley, 1911 31


 * MacDougal, 1914 32

Initial Causes

 * Significance of bare areas 33


 * Modifications of development 33


 * Processes as causes 34


 * Change of conditions 34


 * Fundamental nature of water-content 34


 * Kinds of initial causes 35


 * Physiography 36

Topographic Causes

 * Topographic processes 36


 * Kinds of processes 37


 * Base-leveling 38

Erosion

 * Nature 39


 * Agents of erosion 39


 * Rate and degree of erosion 40


 * Fragmentary and superficial erosion 40


 * Bare areas due to water erosion 41


 * Bare areas due to wind erosion 41


 * Bare areas due to gravity 41


 * Bare areas due to ice action 41

Deposit

 * Significance 42


 * Agents of deposit 42


 * Manner of deposit 43


 * Rate and depth of deposit 43


 * Place of deposit 44


 * Distance of transport 44


 * Fragmentary and local deposit 45


 * Sterility of deposits 45


 * Bare areas due to deposit by moving water 45


 * Bare areas due to waves and tides 46


 * Composition and water-content of alluvial deposits 46


 * Bare areas due to deposit by ground waters 46


 * Bare areas due to deposit by wind 47


 * Deposit by ice and snow 47


 * Bare areas due to deposit by glaciers 47


 * Bare areas due to deposit by ice and snow 48


 * Bare areas due to deposit by gravity 48


 * Bare areas due to volcanic deposits 49


 * Ponding and draining 49


 * Kinds of lakes and ponds 50


 * Life-history of a lake 50


 * Drainage 51

Elevation and Subsidence

 * Elevation and subsidence 52


 * New areas due to elevation 52


 * Subsidence 52


 * Earthquakes 54


 * Similarity of topographic processes 54

Edaphic Causes

 * Nature 55