Page:Plant succession; an analysis of the development of vegetation.pdf/13

IX

CONTENTS. PAGE.

XII. Past Succesesion. The Ceneo-Sere Cont.

The Cenophyiic Era

 * The Flora:


 * Nature and origin 351


 * Relation to Mesophytic and Paleophytic floras 351


 * Inferences from distribution 352


 * Inferences from phylogeny 353


 * The Life-forms:


 * The record 354


 * Methods of inference 354


 * Dominants 355


 * Structure of the vegetation 356


 * Climates and Habitats:


 * Relation of habitat to climate 357


 * Deformational and climatic cycles 359


 * Periods and epochs 359


 * The Ceneosere:


 * The Cretaceous period 360


 * Life-forms and dominants 361


 * Cretaceous seres and coseres 363


 * The Cretaceous-Eocene clisere:


 * The deformation cycle 364


 * Vegetation zones 365


 * Dominants of the Eocene 366


 * The Oligocene-Miocene clisere


 * The deformation cycle 365


 * Coseres and cliseres 366


 * The Pleistocene cliseres and coseres


 * The deformation cycle 368


 * The causes of glaciation 368


 * Glaclal-interglacial cycles 371


 * The Pleistocene flora 371


 * Pliocene climax zones 372


 * The Jerseyan-Aftonian clisere 372


 * Seres and coseres 376


 * Postglacial succession 377


 * The Peat Clistase 378

The Mesophytic Era

 * The flora 404


 * Composition of the flora 404


 * Life-forms and dominants 405


 * Structure of the vegetation 406


 * Deformation and climatic cycles 406


 * Climate of the periods 408

The Meseosere

 * Permian succession 409


 * Triassic succession 411


 * Jurassic succession 412


 * The Cycadean climax 413


 * Comanchean succession 414

The Paleophytic Era

 * The flora 417


 * Life-forms and dominants 419


 * Structure of the vegetation 419


 * Deformational cycles and climates 419

The Paleosere

 * The sere 420


 * The cosere 421


 * The clisere 422

The Investigation of Succession

 * Primary methods 423


 * Special methods 424

The Quadrat Method

 * Concept and significance 424


 * Kinds of quadrats 425


 * List quadrat 425


 * Chart quadrat 426


 * Permanent quadrat 427


 * Denuded quadrat 429


 * Quadrat series and sequences 429


 * Various quadrats 430


 * The transect 430


 * The bisect 432


 * The migration circle 433

Methods of Mapping

 * Methods 435


 * Community charts and ecotone maps 435


 * Survey maps 436


 * Climax maps 436

Instrumental Methods

 * General considerations 437


 * Measurement of reactions 438


 * Measurement of water reactions 438


 * Measurement of light reactions 439

Growth Methods

 * Ring counts 440


 * Burn-scars 441