Page:Plant succession; an analysis of the development of vegetation.pdf/12

CONTENTS. CONTENTS.

VIII

PAGE.

PAGE.

X. Climax Formations or North America—Cont.

XII. Past Climates and Climaxes— Cont.
 * Desert Climaxes


 * Southeastern Climaxes

Succession in Eurasia

 * Scandinavia


 * Britain


 * Middle Europe


 * Russia


 * Mediterranean region


 * Tropics and subtropics

Interpretation

 * Interpretation of past vegetations 279


 * Methods of interpretation 280

Vegetation Eras

 * Criteria 283


 * Evidence from the method of sequence 286


 * Division into eras 288


 * Saporta's table of eras and periods 288


 * Relation of vegetation era and eosere 289


 * Comparison of geologic and vegetation eras 289

The Plant Record

 * Nature 290


 * Strates and stases 291


 * The strate 292


 * Kinds of strates 293


 * The stase 293


 * Water stases 294


 * Kinds of stases 295


 * Relations of strate and stase 295


 * Relation to stratigraphic units 296


 * Relation to succession 297

Deformation and Gradation

 * Processes 297


 * Nature of deformation 298


 * Great periodic movements of deformation 298


 * Sequences of deformation 299


 * Permian deformation 300


 * The circulation sequence 300


 * The gradation sequence 300


 * The climatic sequence 301


 * The deformation cycle 302


 * The series of deformation cycles 304


 * Deformation and unconformity 305


 * Correlation of climates 306


 * Effects upon vegetation 307


 * The cycle of erosion 307


 * Relation to vegetation 309

Past Climates

 * Interpretation 312


 * Evidence of past climates and changes 313


 * Geologic evidence 313


 * Salt and gypsum 314


 * Red beds 314


 * Terraces 315


 * Fluctuations of lake levels 316

Botanic Evidence

 * Plant fossils 317


 * Successional evidences 317


 * Evidence from stases 318


 * Evidence from annual rings 318

Zooic Evidence

 * Animal fossils 319


 * Culture relicts 319

Causes of Climatic Changes

 * Kinds of causes 320


 * The deformational hypothesis 321


 * The volcanic hypothesis 322


 * The solar hypothesis 325


 * Kullmer's law of the shift of the storm-track 326


 * The cyclonic solar hypothesis 327


 * Relative value of causes 327


 * Coincidence of causes 328

Climatic Cycles

 * Relation of changes and cycles 329


 * Kinds of cycles 330


 * Arotowski's cycle of 2½ years 330


 * The 11-year sun-spot cycle 332


 * Sun-spot maxima and minima from 1750 to 1913 333


 * Table of maximum and minimum years, 1610 to 1913 334


 * Nature of sun-spots 334


 * Effects of sun-spots upon climate 334


 * Douglass's 21-year cycle 336


 * Brückner's 35-year cycle 336


 * Major sun-spot cycles 337


 * Volcanic cycles 338


 * Deformational cycles 339

The Series of Climax Cycles

 * Correlation of cycles 339


 * Table of climatic cycles 340


 * Spatial differentiation of climates 341

Correlation of Climatic Cycles and Succession

 * General relations 342


 * Responses of vegetation 342


 * Relation to the different climatic cycles 343

General Principles

 * Phylogeny and ontogeny 344


 * Recapitulation 345


 * Geosere and eosere 346


 * Clisere 347


 * Cosere 348


 * Correlations of seres 349


 * Processes and principles of past succession 349