Page:Plant indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice.djvu/16

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CONTENTS.

PAGE.

VI. Grazing Indicators Continued.

Overgrazing

 * Nature 295


 * Causes 297


 * Indicators of Overgrazing 297


 * Societies as indicators 298


 * Halfshrubs as indicators 299


 * Cacti as indicators 300


 * Shrubs as indicators 300


 * Annuals as indicators 301


 * Prairie and plains indicators 302


 * Desert plains indicators 302


 * Bunch-grass prairie indicators 303


 * Great Basin indicators 304


 * Overgrazing in the past 304


 * Succession and cycles 307


 * Relation of tall-grasses and short-grasses 308


 * Overgrazing cycles 309

Range Improvement

 * History 310


 * Prerequistes 311


 * Essential factors 312


 * Proper stocking 312


 * Rotation grazing 314


 * Rodent eradication 316


 * Eradication of poisonous plants 317


 * Eradication of weeds and cacti 319


 * Eradication of brush 320


 * Manipulation of the range 321


 * Plant introduction on the range 322


 * Prerequisites for seeding and planting 324


 * New investigations 326


 * Forage development 327


 * Water development 328


 * Herd management 329

Essentials of a Grazing Policy

 * A proper land system 330


 * Essentials 330


 * The Kent grazing bill 331


 * Classification and range surveys 334


 * Production cycles 334


 * Ranch management surveys 335

Forest Indicators

 * Nature 336


 * Kinds of indicators 336

Forest Types

 * Bases 337


 * Comparison of views 342


 * Forest sites 343


 * Succession as a basis 344


 * Significance 345

Climatic and Edaphic Indicators

 * Climatic indicators 345


 * Edaphic indicators 348


 * Water-content indicators 348


 * Light indicators 349


 * Site indicators 349


 * Growth as an indicator 360


 * Burn indicators 353


 * Grazing indicators 355


 * Cycle indicators 367

Planting Indicators

 * Kinds 357


 * Prerequisites for planting and sowing 358


 * Use of climatic cycles 359


 * Reforestation indicators 369


 * Afforestation indicators 362