Page:Plant indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice.djvu/12

VI CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Growth-Forms

 * Nature 68


 * Kinds 69


 * Indicator relations 69


 * Standard plants for growth correlations 70


 * Competition-forms 71

Communities as Indicators

 * Value 72


 * Kinds of communities 72


 * Community structures 73


 * Alternes 73


 * Layers 74


 * Aspects 75

Kinds of Indicators

 * Basis of distinction 76

Factor Indicators

 * Basis and kinds 76


 * Quantitative sequences 77


 * Climatic and edaphic indicators 77


 * Water indicators 78


 * Light indicators 79


 * Temperature indicators 81


 * Indicators of solutes 83


 * Saline indicators 83


 * Lime indicators 84


 * Aeration indicators 85


 * Indicators of factor-complexes 88


 * Soil indicators 88


 * Slope-exposure indicators 88


 * Altitude indicators 89


 * Organism indicators 90

Process Indicators

 * Nature 91


 * Kinds 91


 * Fire indicators 92


 * Lumbering indicators 93


 * Cultivation indicators 93


 * Grazing indicators 94


 * Indicators of irrigation and drainage 95


 * Construction indicators 96


 * Physiographic indicators 97


 * Climatic indicators 97

Practice Indicators

 * Nature and kinds 98

Paleic Indicators

 * Paleo-ecology 99


 * Nature of paleic indicators 100


 * Kinds 101


 * Paleic indicators of climates and cycles 103


 * Paleic indicators of succession 103


 * Plant indicators of animals 104


 * Animal indicators of plants 104

Climax Formations Of Western North America

 * Nature 105


 * Tests of a climax 105


 * Structure and development 106


 * Societies 107


 * Names of climax communities 109


 * Seral communities 109


 * Indicator significance of climax formations 111


 * Significance of succession 111


 * Indicator value of disturbed areas 112


 * Summary of the climax formations 113

Stipa-Bouteloua Formation

 * General relations 114


 * Unity of the grassland 116


 * Correlation with climate 116


 * Use of weather records 116


 * Relationship of associations 118


 * Floristic relations 119


 * Ecological relations 120


 * Subdominants 120


 * Developmental relations 121

Stipa-Koeleria Association

 * Extent 121


 * Factor relations 123


 * Sequence of dominants 123

Societies

 * Nature 125


 * Control of dominants 125


 * Relation to consociation 126


 * Origin 126


 * Mixed societies 127


 * Aspects 127


 * Zones and alternes 128


 * Studies of prairie societies 129

Clans

 * Vernal clans 131


 * Estival clans 131


 * Serotinal clans 131

Andropogon Associes

 * Nature 131


 * Range 132


 * Factor relations 133


 * Sequence 133


 * Grouping 134

Stipa-Borteloua Association

 * Nature 135


 * Effect of grazing and climatic cycles 135


 * Range 136


 * Grouping 137


 * Sequence of dominants 138

Societies of the Mixed Prairie

 * Prevernal societies 139


 * Vernal societies 139


 * Estival societies 139


 * Serotinal societies 139