Page:Plant indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice.djvu/11

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Concept and History

 * The practical aspect 3


 * The scientific aspect 3

Agricultural Indicators

 * Hilgard, 1860 5


 * Chamberlin, 1877 5


 * Merriam, 1898 6


 * Hilgard, 1906 8


 * Clements, 1910 9


 * Shantz, 1911 10


 * Kearney, Briggs, Shantz, McLane, and Piemeisel, 1914 11


 * Shantz and Piemeisel, 1917 12


 * Shantz and Aldous, 1917 13


 * Weaver, 1919 13

Forest Indicators

 * Cajander, 1909 14


 * Clements, 1910 14


 * Pearson. 1913-1914 15


 * Zon, 1915 16


 * Hole and Singh, 1916 16


 * Korstian, 1917 17

Grazing Indicators

 * Smith, 1899 19


 * Bentley. 1902 20


 * Griffiths, 1901, 1904, 1907, 1910, 1915.... 21


 * Sampson, 1908, 1909, 1913, 1914 22


 * Jardine, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1913 23


 * Wooton, 1915, 1916 23


 * Jardine and Hurtt. 1917 24


 * Jardine and Anderson, 1919 24


 * Sarvis, 1919 25

Chresard and Water Requirement Studies

 * Significance 26


 * The chresard 26


 * Gain, 1895 26


 * Kihlmann, 1890 27


 * Briggs and Shantz, 1912 27


 * The water requirement 28

Concept

 * General 28


 * Animals as indicators 29


 * Plant and community 29


 * Sequences 30


 * Direct and indirect sequences 31


 * Direction of indication 32


 * Scope 32


 * Materials 33


 * Basing studies 34

Bases and Methods of Determination

 * Fundamental relations 35

The Physical Basis

 * Direct and indirect factors 36


 * Controlling and limiting factors 36


 * Climatic and edaphic factors 37


 * Climates and habitats 38


 * Variation of climate and habitat 39


 * Inversion of factors 40


 * Measurement of habitats 42

The Physiological Basis

 * Kinds of response 43


 * Effect of habit 43


 * Individuality in response 44


 * Effect of extreme conditions 44


 * Phytometers 46

The Associational Basis

 * Nature of association 47


 * Dominants 47


 * Equivalence of dominants 48


 * Absence of dominants 49


 * Subdominants 50


 * Secondary species 51


 * Plant and animal association 51

The Successional Basis

 * Scope 51


 * Sequence of indicators 52


 * Major successions as indicators 53

The Experimental Basis

 * Nature 53


 * Essentials 54

Indicator Criteria

 * Nature and kinds of criteria 55


 * Species and genera 65

Life-Forms.

 * History 57


 * Pound and Clements, 1898-1900 57


 * Raunkiaer, 1905 58


 * Warming. 1908 69


 * Drude. 1913 60


 * Comparison of the systems 62


 * Vegetation-forms 62


 * Indicator significance of vegetation-forms 63

Habitat-Forms

 * Concept and history 64


 * Warming's system 64


 * Modifications of Warming's system 65


 * Indicator value 66


 * Ecads 67