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461 moral reason for their existence; and that "true history is not in what institutions present, so much as in what they manifest."

The author distinguishes love from sexual desire as such, and from that complex state—ordinarily called love—in which desire coexists with a conglomerate of various sentiments. Love, in the true sense of the word, is a perfectly unique state of feeling, a fact of consciousness irreducible to any other. It is directed with absolute exclusiveness towards one individual. This exclusive choice is due to the fact that every one has unconsciously an ideal which represents his preferences, from the sexual point of view, for an individual of the other sex. Love arises when a person is encountered who is felt to be in harmony with this ideal. Though the book is not lacking in suggestion, the author cannot be said to have worked out his ideas in any thorough way. The work has a certain significance, as marking the growth of a tendency, at present apparent, to regard emotion as an irreducible element of consciousness.

In discussing the nature of the state, the author finds that it is a natural outgrowth, and is in reality a super-individual power. The state is a moral empire, and must recognize the rights of the individual and keep his liberty inviolate. Individualism is the principle of the right to rebel. This is a religious right, and becomes a duty whenever tyranny infringes upon the liberty of the subject. The modern state is based upon the revolutionary principle, which is both practicable and moral. Not every revolution is treason. Treason is that kind of revolution which is not based on moral motives. Yet it is difficult to draw the line between treason and reform.

The following books have also been received:—

Symbolic Logic. By [Second edition.] New York and London, Macmillan & Co., 1894.—pp. xxxviii, 540.

Aesthetic Principles. By. New York, Macmillan & Co., 1895.—pp. x, 201.

The Unity of Fichte's Doctrine of Knowledge. By. With an introduction by, Ph.D. [Radcliffe College Monographs, VII.] Boston, Ginn & Co., 1895.—pp. xx, 213.

Les émotions. Par le. Traduit d'après l’édition allemande par. Paris, Alcan, 1895.—pp. 166.