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54 Kant and Empiricism: he is really an empiricist. Reason is said to decide, in accordance with rules of thought and inference framed by herself: but these are, again, nothing more than conclusions drawn from the irrefragable laws found existent in nature. The categories, therefore, are valid both for phenomena and for things-in-themselves; but the right which we possess, of extending them to the latter, is not made good by the writer in any satisfactory manner.—According to a remark in the A. L. Z., 1793, I. p. 53, Holst would appear also to have been editor of no. 727.)

821) Rapp, Gli. Chr.: Ueber die Untauglichkeit des Princips der allgemeinen und eignen Glückseligkeit zum Grundgesetze der Sittlichkeit. 8vo. Jena. Mauke. pp. 90. (A work whose writing was instigated by nos. 711 ff. The principle of individual happiness cannot, it is true, constitute the fundamental law of morality, but may well be the primary principle of all our free actions. But in that case, its chief constituent will be found by a special principle of morality, since the most certain road to happiness is the path of moral goodness.—Answered by Gebhard, 1792.)

822) Raum, Ueber—und Zeit. Ein Versuch in Beziehung auf die Kantsche Theorie. [By K. Glo. Hausius.] 8vo. Dresden and Leipzig, pp. 195. (Space and time are at once objective and subjective. Kant's system is, when consistently carried through, sheer Idealism; his things-in-themselves merely ideas, to the assumption of which we are compelled by our mental nature. Comparison of Kant's views with those [verbally quoted] of various earlier philosophers.)

822a-d) Reinhold, C. L. Cf. nos. 243, 244, 272, 273.

822e) Schiller, Fr. Cf. no. 1087.

823) Schmalz, Theod.: Encyclopedie des gemeinen Rechts. Zum Gebrauch akademischer Vorlesungen. 8vo. Königsberg. Nicolovius. pp. 180. Second edition. 1804. (Third edition under the title:)

824) Schmalz: Encyclopaedia juris per Europam communis, in usum auditorii adumbrata. Editio tertia, latina prima. Large 8vo. Berlin. 1827. Mittler. (Schmalz has frequently, in the judgment of those who know, turned to account Kantian principles in his text-books and compendia of natural law, and especially the Kantian concept of freedom; but he has only brought them into a mechanical union with other and foreign elements, without really assimilating them or allowing them to determine his whole attitude towards his subject. Besides these nos. 823 and 824, the following works call for notice here:)

825) Schmalz: Das reine Naturrecht. 8vo. Königsberg. 1792. Nicolovius. pp. 102. Second and revised edition. 1795. pp. 114.

826) Schmalz: Das natürliche Staatsrecht. Also under the title: Das Recht der Natur. Zweiter Theil, welcher das natürliche Staatsrecht