Page:Philosophical Review Volume 23.djvu/604

588 in the individual soul which personal religion only can bring about. The appreciation of the preciousness of personality and of the need of its full development is the only adequate motive for social endeavor.

This article proposes to examine the claim of moral science to be equal in rank with any other science except mathematics. Any department of human knowledge may be made a science if its data can be formulated in the causal relation. The existence of innate ethical ideas must be admitted. Every community of men always contains some individuals who recognize the binding force of an obligation. The earliest as well as the latest Hebrew prophets were vehement preachers of righteousness, and moral sentiments may likewise be found in Hesiod's Works and Days. A regular system of moral instruction based on the principles laid down in the Sacred Writings was begun with the organization of Christian communitescommunities [sic]. In spite of this system, poverty and its accompanying immorality continued to furnish the most perplexing problems with which governments had to contend. This was due mainly to the unscientific measures adopted for suppressing them. By means of scientific methods morality has been greatly advanced. Experience has proved that morality is largely dependent on economic conditions. A striking example of the use of science in the moral sphere is shown in the temperance movement. Science has promoted morality also in the domain of warfare. Observation and experimentation are the two foundation principles of every science. Science in its relation to physical man is indebted more to Hippocrates than to any other Greek thinker. "The scientist points the way; the moral reformer walks in it and induces others to follow him. The measure of mutual friendliness with which they cooperate is the measure of social and ethical progress."

The relation of mind and body is the Wandering Jew of science. This paper will show that the most satisfactory explanation of this relation is the double-aspect view, that this explanation enables us to treat the objective data of psychology from a mechanistic standpoint; also that it leads to a two-aspect psychology a psychology of introspection and of behavior. This explanation has suffered from the lack of a suitable analogy. The surface-mass relation of matter is analogous to the mind-body relation. Conscious activity and nervous activity are neither causally related nor parallel. They constitute one process which may be observed in two ways. This theory adds simplicity to the genetic problem of consciousness, for we can assume that consciousness pervades the whole organic world. In Biology the debate is between