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74 themselves is the same with that of objects in perception, but the manner of being is different. This necessity of Dasein (so Lipps), in addition to the other two elements, is overlooked, he believes, in the usual theories, which are discussed in conclusion under five heads. The author's distinction of object in perception and conception is not sufficiently clear to avoid the charge of begging the question (v., e.g., pp. 263, 273, 276, 286). And, in fact, only by constantly recalling the presuppositions of Universal Panpsychism, will the Anglo-Saxon reader prevent recurrent irritation from the writer's tendency to assume the vital question at issue,—a tendency apparently inherent in the German language, touching just this problem. The essay represents, nevertheless, an able and stimulating study of 'objective' existence.

Voightländer (Freud's Place in Psychology). Based upon thoughts suggested by the reading of Freud, this essay seeks to point out his general significance for psychology, which is presented as centering in his treatment of the conscious and unconscious. These are found to become characterizing concepts, and to clarify the relation of personality to work, the theory of association, and psycho-pathology (in the doctrines of 'psychic censor,' 'repression,’ and 'transfer'). The exaggerated importance of early character for subsequent events of life is criticised, while his significance for the total view of life is praised. The essay lacks congruity and compactness, and the citation of literature is incomplete. That a pupil of Lipps should find so much of illuminating value in the abnormal may be surprising; but it is only another indication of the admirable honesty which this teacher inspires.

Eucken's philosophical standpoint, familiar to all acquainted with his other writings, finds in this work its most systematic exposition. It would, however, be a mistake to approach the book with the expectation of finding in it a complete system of philosophy. Eucken claims, rather, through a careful examination of life at the present time and through a thorough study of universal history, to have discovered a more fundamental life-relation than has hitherto ever