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552 insistence upon the inseparability of the abstractly common and the individually peculiar elements of the objects of our generalizing consciousness, is not hard to see. There is considerable difficulty, of course, in carrying through such a notion of the process of judgment as this one in case of the more abstract and complex forms of judgment, e.g. in case of judgments of relation, and in the case of seemingly purely constructive judgments, such as definitions. But our author works patiently, and with much success. Negative judgments he regards with Sigwart as rejections of attempted positive judgments, and not as themselves a species of simple judgment (pp. 349-363). The impersonals proper are simply judgments whose subjects are left very indefinite (p. 307). On the whole (p. 262) he defines a judgment as "The inclusion of one object (of consciousness) in the (intensive) content of another, — this inclusion (1) being conceived as in logical immanence, (2) being determined by the identity of content of the material constituents, and (3) being expressed in a proposition."

There is here no space to follow our author into the applications of this theory. One is not surprised to find that, with his eyes fixed upon so interesting a psychological problem, he should almost wholly neglect the considerations that to many of us make the 'Algebra of Logic' so promising and important a region of exact inquiry; nor are most philosophical students likely to be satisfied with the sceptical discussion of the nature of logical necessity (pp. 372-378); and the observations upon probability, mathematical and non-mathematical (pp. 388 sqq.), have appeared to the present writer especially unsatisfactory. But if these matters seem to us to indicate our author's limitations, we have to thank him on the whole for a most learned and stimulating study of the problems of philosophical logic, and particularly of the problem of the judgment.

The discussion of the syllogism is extended, and full of interesting matter. A later volume is to be devoted to a general Doctrine of Method.

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Both Dr. Höfler and Dr. Meinong have written on the study of philosophy in the gymnasium, and in this Logic the method of presenting the subject is no less suggestive than the material which is presented. The author quotes in his preface Bonitz's words, recommending "a strict limitation of what is given to the student as dogma," and "the fullest