Page:Philosophical Review Volume 1.djvu/483

Rh outcome of this method of notation, according to J., is the same as that adopted at the end of Mr. Peirce's paper. The chief object of the paper is to exhibit the unity of the whole Logical Calculus, by showing its dependence on the single group of fundamental laws regulating the pure synthesis and pure negation of propositions.

III. Forms of Assertion. — To obtain a view of judgment in the strict sense, we must begin with the judgment of recognition of an actual thing as such, that is, with the primitive perceptual judgment. Perception is itself the primitive existential judgment, the ultimate consciousness of reality on which all other assertions about existence must rest. When a presentation rests upon a previous perception, and when we are conscious of this relation, we have the judgment of recollection; if in addition to this a perception agreeing with the former perception arises, we have in addition the judgment of recognition. Elementary sense-judgments such as these two follow without the intervention of a thought-presentation; that is, there are some judgments without concepts, wherein the perceptual content is not brought under logical categories, such as genus and species. When in a judgment of recognition the remembered presentation is a named one or a conceptual presentation, we have the judgment of appellation, usually expressed in an impersonal sentence. Appellative judgments usually take cognizance, not of objects as such, but of qualities. A second kind of judgment arises when we take into account the so-called quantity of the assertion. It is easy to show that quantity in logic is viewed differently from quantity in mathematics. The generality of a judgment is different in origin and meaning from the generality of a conceptual thesis. Conceptual theses are of general validity, and as general validity does not admit of any increase, there are strictly no quantity distinctions among conceptual theses. The hypothetical assertion arises when there is a transition from a conceptual thesis to the corresponding judgment. The problematical assertion arises when we apply the idea of laws to reality, but, in general, negative judgments do not constitute a separate class from affirmative. IV. Kinds of Conclusion-sequence. — The well-known explanation of Aristotle: — The conclusion is that relation of the assertion, in which, when anything is posited, something else appears as that which necessarily preceded, and only so because that which was posited, is — contains still, not only the most explicit, but the best definition of consequential sequence. Its range is far greater than that which Aristotle himself gave it, in limiting it to syllogism. Two things are of