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342 342 On Oc and Oyl. has a surprising number of German forms) sometimes uses ya : the affinity of all these forms with one another, and with the elder jo and jai^ is sufficiently close Of oc enough has been already said. — Oyl is only another mode of writing Qui, The I was dropt at the end, as nennyl in time became nenni. Moreover books in old French have Loys for Louis, but the pronunciation of the former word was probably the same as that of the latter. I am informed by people personally acquainted with the ducal family of Croy^ that the name is invariably pronounced Croui : the old spelling is always retained longest in proper names, particularly those of noble families. A family of emigrants in Germany who spelt their name Moy^ pronounced it Moui, Even French grammarians teach that o before i, e^ &c. when it is to preserve a distinct sound, and not to be blended with the following vowel, must be pronounced as ou. And thus while the pronunciation remained the same, the spelling was altered : in the passage already quoted from Froissart, the edition of 1518 has Languedoyl^ that of 1574*, Languedouy. Now it is moreover remarkable, that these affirmatives are at the same time copulatives, signifying and^ or perhaps more precisely also (audi). This is the case even with the Sclavonic tah^ which in Polish, Russ, and Bohemian, hke- wise signifies also^ though with a slight alteration (takke^ takje). In Otfried jo (or joh) is used both for yes^ and for arid: yet in the latter sense he likewise uses inti or int^ for which reason some prefer explaining jo to mean also. In Book I. ch. 5, both particles occur : Erdun joh himiles Int alles liphaftes Scepheri worolti — Gott gibit imo v/iha (Weihe. Blessing) Joh ero filu hoha. In the 11th chapter inti occurs repeatedly, yet we also very frequently meet with jo as a copulative. In Ulphilas, who uses the affirmatives ja and jai^ the former has likewise the sense of and or also; jai is only affirmative. Mark 15. ja gahaihaitun alia hansa, ja geivasidednn ina. ja atla- gidedan ana ina. ja dtigunjiun goljan ina. ja slohun i^'