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321 Particles of the English Language. 321 parent indifference of the absence or presence of ov. That the accent does not necessarily vary according to the inter- rogative or inferential sense has been already remarked by Hermann on Aristophan. Nubes. 1305. '' Errant qui parti- culam apa nonnisi in interrogationibus circumflecti volunt, quum accentuum ratio ubique apa scribi postulat ubi prima longa est ^^5 etiamsi interrogatio nulla sit. Ita contra saepe apa^ prima brevi, quod respuit circumflexum in interroga- tionibus est^^**^ Dmdorf has accordingly printed the line without a question: ^€vyei^ ; eimeWov a apa KtvrjcreLv eyco. After the simple interrogative particles of the old Teu- tonic dialects, which are mentioned above, and which are extinct in the modern German, Grimm notices some of a more complicated form. Of these I shall only remark the "ist wan? for ^^num"' or '^ numquid of the old German glosses, and the Northern miin. The former he considers to be derived from wd7i opinio not wan defectus, and the latter is the third singular of the auxiliary muna^ ixeWeiv. Its derivatives, monn in Swedish and mon in Danish, are the only remains of that verb in those languages ^^ Both these interrogative forms are grounded on the connection between intention and futurity ; at least if muna be related to the Gothic munan and the German meinen. There is also in Icelandic a verb, man^ recordor^^. The same relationship may perhaps account for the nearness of the forms juteAet and yueXXo). But Grimm's observation, that the resemblance of this Northern miin to the Greek jucoi; ^^ {ixrj ovv) is merely accidental, is such a warning to ignorant and rash etymolo- gists as to check me from yielding to the temptation of entering -IK ^^ This is a paraHel case to the change of accent in nfjuv and u/xTi/. See Pors. Prajf. ad Hec. xxxv. Ehnsley Preef. ad CEd. Tyr. x. ^^ e. g. oi/Tcos dp av irai, n-avTct croi SeSoyfxiua ; CEd. Col. 1433. ^* It is singular enough that the equivalent German auxiliary iverden is preserved English only in 07ie obsolete phrase — ^' Woe worth the day." I have doubted whether woe were here a substantive or an adjective, as in the Childe of Elle, and elsewhere : " And aye her heart was wo^." But the analogy of the phrase '' woe is thee," and " well is thee," (in the Psalms) seems to show that it is a substantive. 23 Grimm, i. p. 026. Hicke's Thesaurus, ii. 84. who conceives the Northern phrase, " I rrnin do it," to be a relic of this verb. Vol. i. p. B7. (?) •^ Etym. Magnum, p. 5!i6. f. 23.