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318 318 On certam Affirmative and Negative Gothic, halam^ halm. This k remained in these interrogatives in the Ionic dialect, but in common Greek they commenced with TT, which stood in Oscan also where the Latin had qu. All that is necessary to illustrate this analogy is to be found in Miiller's Etruscans, Vol. i. p. 30"^. The interchange of these sounds, though apparently not very easy, meets us else- where. The Carib tribes have corrupted the Spanish poU vora into colvora^ : and Scott^ tells us that "pa da lin" would be the first efforts of a Scotch child to ask " Where's David Lindsay .?" The labial p in this case standing for the gut- tural quh^ which the Northern dialect used instead of our wh. A more complete case of analogy is found in the Celtic lan- guages^^ : where the Cymric branch retains p^ the Gaelic hasc ; thus the Bas Breton gives pevai' and the Welsh pedwar^ answering to the ^olian ireaavpe^ and the Oscan petora^^^ ioY four^ whilst the Erse has keithar or keithra^ corresponding to the Latin qiiatuor ; and this, I believe, runs also through the whole class of interrogative and indefinite pronouns. In the Latin titer^ which answers to the Gothic huathar^ the aspirate has been dropped and the first syllable contracted into a single vowel. Dacier ^^ has well remarked that piam in nuspiam and quispiam stand for quam in quisquam and nusquam^ just as the Oscan pitpit of Festus does for quidquid. Mliller observes that the Greek relative 09 must have lost its rough guttural sound very early ^^ In subjective questions the Gothic used a suffix u in translating passages in which, in the Greek, the form of expression was the same as the mere affirmation; as skuldu ist kaisaragild giban kaisara.? e^ecrri Krjvaov Kaicrapi ^ovvai^^ ; In questions put negatively they used niu^ a compound of ni and the u, answering exactly to the Latin nonne. These 7 There is no need of dweUing on a point so generally known. The reader may compare Grimm, in. p. 1. MiiUer Dorians, 11. App. viii. p. 585. Niebuhr, Vol. i. For an aspirated form, 0r7, see Buttmann's Lexilogus, i. p. 236. Q Waterton's Wanderings, p. 73. 9 Notes to Marmion, canto iv. note 4. JO MiiUer Etrusker, p. 32. Grimm, iii. 2. note. Lluhyd's Archaolo^ia Britan. pp. 134. 135. ^' Festus in v. petoritum. J2 ^d Festum. in v. quispiam. J3 Etrusker. i. 31. note. Grimm, iii. p. 23. note. ^* Grimm, iii. 753.