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 * 58. An abstract noun may be formed from an

adjective, simple or compound, or from a noun, by the addition of yāe ma'rūf, as,.


 * (a) From an adjective :

goodness, nekī, from nek, good,

the possessing of the world, royalty, jahān dārī,


 * from jahān dār, world-possessing,

idleness, bekārī, from bekār, idle.


 * (b) From a noun :

friendship, dostī, from dost, a friend,

manliness, mardī, from mard, a man.

entertainment, mihmānī, from mihmān, a guest,

sovereignty, bādshāhī, from bādshāh, a king.


 * If the primitive word ends in obscure, the is

suppressed, and the letter is inserted, as :

sadness, āzurdagī, from āzurda, sad.

infamy, bachchagī, ,, bachcha, a child, slavery, bandagī, ,, banda, a slave.


 * 59. Verbal Nouns are formed by changing, of

the infinitive into, as:--

speech, guftār from guftan.

motion, raftār, ,, raftan.

seeing, dīdār, ,, dīdan