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THE INDIAN OF THE NORTHWEST 3

vices. It has been the pleasure of the writer to examine the original journals, either as transcripts or in published form, which describe upwards of one hundred cases of first contact ; and he is convinced that secondary authorities 3 in at least nine other cases are worthy of consideration. These one hundred and more cases cover the seventy years just preceding the end of the first year of Astoria. The writer is aware that cases of first contact between whole tribes and white men are re- corded as taking place even in his own state as late as 1852 ; 4 but he is of the opinion that by 1812 indirect influences radiat- ing from trading establishments and coasting vessels were sufficient (ever so little might be sufficient) to invalidate con- clusions based thereon. These cases, chronologically arranged following 1741 and preserving the (original tribe or band name in the comparatively few cases where the journalists used them, are as follows :

Chirikof among the Sitkas; Bering at Kayak Island and among the Aleuts ; Giotto f among the Koniagas ; Perez among the Haidas and the Nootkas; Heceta and Quadra among the Allequas and the Quinaults ; Heceta among the Clayoquots ; Quadra among the Sitkas and the Kaicanies ; Cook among the Nootkas, the Chugatches, and the Nuchusks; Arteaga and Quadra among the Ucalenzies; La Perouse among the Hoo- nids ; Barkley among the Pacheenas and the Quilliutes ; Dixon among the Yakutats, Hippas, Cumshawas, Massets, and Nin- stints ; Portlock among a northern band of Sitkas or the south- ern Hoonids; Meares among the Tatooches, Willapas, and Tlaoquatch; Douglas probably among the Sebassas; Duncan among the Skiddegats, Skedans, and Classets ; Gray among the Nasomahs, Umpquahs, Killamooks, Makahs, and Custas; Quimper among the Sokes, Tsomas, and Clallams ; Elisa among the Songhies; Gray among the Quatsinos and Skeenas; Nar- vaeth among the Sanech, Cowichens, Comux, and Nanaimos; Galiano and Valdez among the Namoose, Lummi, and Tacul- tas; Vancouver among the Hunas, Chimakum, Twanas, Saw-

3 Sec List of Authorities, Appendix.

4 Report Indian Affairs, 1857: pp. 327-9.