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 APPENDICES 139

was laud-able or praise-woithy ' (§25). Here the Adjeciive laudanda (feminine of laudandus, to agree with audacia) is formed from the Verb laudo, ' I praise,' and it has the same meaning as the English Adjective formed with '-able'or '-worthy,' but we may also translate it by ' worthy-to-be praised,' or simply ' to-be-praised.' This Adjective, like other Adjectives, may be used wilhout the Verb ' to be,' and in any Case ; thus we get

NoM. audacia laudania, ' laudable courage' Acc. audftciam laudandavi, ' laudable courage ' Gen. audaciae laudandae, ' of laudable courage,' etc Hence such a phrase may be made to depend on a Preposition, as shown in the next sentence.

Locus erat idoneus adnavigia applicattda, 'there was a place suitable for vessels to-be-brought-to-land ' (24). Here the phrase navigia applicanda, ' vessels to-be-brought-to-land ' depends on ad in the sense of ' for.' Compare in Enghsh such common sentences as ' Ring the bell for the dinner to be gut ready.' (Latin ad cenam parandam.) The Nouns in -ndum differ from other Nouns only in the following respects : —

(i) They are all formed from the stems of Verbs, just as in Enghsh we may form a Noun out of any Verb by adding '-ing.' Thus where in English we speak of ' row-ing,' ' walk ing,' ' visit-ing,' etc, the Romans used the Nouns remigandum, atnbul- andum, visitandum, etc.

(2) They are hke Verbs in so far as they take the same con- structions as the Verbs from which they are formed. So, too, do the Enghsh Nouns formed from Verbs; thus we speak of 'rowing quickly,' ' walking slowly ' (with Adverbs, though sometimes also with Adjectives), and 'visiting a friend,' ' exploring a country' (with Objects depending on the Nouns in ' -ing ').