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 repositories and make them publicly accessible within 12 months of publication’.78 Efforts to enable open access have been ongoing in this country since at least 2005 when Yongxiang Lu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences signed the Berlin Declaration, joined shortly thereafter by Yiyu Chen of the Committee of the National Natural Science Foundation of China.79 Focus in the country largely rests upon the green route (and for the sciences) although there are also discussions on how to fund gold open access. All research funders allow the use of grant funds to support article processing charges. There are currently around 300–600 OA journals reportedly originating from the country although the number listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals is far lower (around ﬁfty). These developments have led one recent article to proclaim boldly that ‘OA is to become the future of academic library exchanges in China.’80

India, likewise, has no national mandate in place but there has been a recommended OA policy, drafted by the National Knowledge Commission, since 2007. Between 2006 and 2012 there was, however, a large expansion of open-access provision in India as a remedy to the reality that ‘[t]raditional avenues of publishing are closed to many authors in developing countries’ coupled with the facts that ‘poor access to international journals and the low visibility of papers are major problems facing Indian researchers’.81 Although a later 2012 paper concluded that ‘India has made important contributions towards the growth of open access publishing’, it is also clear that ‘Even though the overall picture of open access publishing in India looks promising, it makes an unhappy situation for subjects in social science, arts and humanities. The quantity and impact of journals in these subjects are not at par with subjects like medicine, sciences and technology.’82

South America, and in particular Brazil, has made huge advances in open access, most notably through their origination of the SciELO (Scientiﬁc Electronic Library Online) platform, which was created in 1997. Once more, as with Science Europe, despite its name, SciELO also contains humanities journals. The importance of this platform has been recognised by Thomson Reuters, who now include a ‘SciELO Citation Index’ to aid discovery of research in Latin America, Spain, Portugal, the Caribbean and South Africa.83 This platform hosts approximately 1,100 journals, with 900 listed in the Directory