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 wings-copyright-and-creativity-communication-r [accessed 1 May 2014].

Intellectual Property Ofﬁce of the United Kingdom, ‘Permitted Uses of Copyright Works: Teaching in Educational Establishments’, 2006 https://ipo.gov.uk/types/copy/c-other/c-exception/c-exception-teaching.htm [accessed 4 March 2014].

It is extremely difﬁcult to work out exactly how much the CLA license costs each institution in the UK, but the yearly charge that would allow a researcher to photocopy one chapter of a recent book for distribution to students is £A/B x C x 38.50 (where ‘A’ is the Licensee’s income from UK industry, commerce and public corporations; ‘B’ is the total income of the Licensee; and ‘C’ is the full-time equivalent number of academic staff). Copyright Licensing Agency, ‘Comprehensive HE Licence 1 August 2010’, 2010 www.cla.co.uk/data/pdfs/he/uuk_basic_he_licence_specimen.pdf [accessed 23 April 2014]. The variance in cost between institutions is large and depends heavily upon the corporate revenue ratio. An estimated ﬁgure of £10,000 per year, however, is not unrealistic. Taking, for instance, the ﬁgures for Durham University in 2012/2013: A in this case is 57,334,000 (3,783,000 (‘UK industries’) + 35,789,000 (residences and catering), 6,487,000 (‘other services rendered’), 11,275,000 (‘other income’)). B is 283,379,000. C is approximately 1,250 from UK HESA statistics. This yields a cost of £9,737 per year (57,334,000/283,379,000 x 1,250 x 38.50). Durham University, ‘Annual Accounts 2013’, 2014, pp. 24, 29, 30 www.dur.ac.uk/resources/treasurer/ﬁnancial_statements/Accounts13.pdf [accessed 4 July 2014]. Although a drop in the ocean for an individual institution’s budget, open licensing would circumvent the restrictions on quantity imposed here and also avoid the costs because anybody would have permission to redistribute the work.

Suber, Open Access, pp. 73–4.

See, for instance, Theresa Lillis, ‘Economies of Signs in Writing for Academic Publication: The Case of English Medium “National” Journals’, Journal of Advanced Composition, 32 (2012), 695–722.

John Willinsky, The Access Principle: The Case for Open Access to Research and Scholarship, Digital Libraries and Electronic Publishing (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), pp. 155–71.

Fitzpatrick, Planned Obsolescence, p. 82.

Christopher M. Kelty, Two Bits: The Cultural Signiﬁcance of Free Software (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008), p. 3. Emphasis in original.

Klaus Graf and Sanford Thatcher, ‘Point & Counterpoint: Is CC BY the Best Open Access License?’, Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication, 1 (2012), 2 http://dx.doi.org/http/10.7710/2162–3309.1043.