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 See, for contrasting views on the relative degree of dysfunction, Martin Paul Eve, ‘Utopia Fading: Taxonomies, Freedom and Dissent in Open Access Publishing’, Journal of Victorian Culture, 18 (2013), 536–42 (p. 538) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13555502.2013.865979; Peter Mandler, ‘Open Access for the Humanities: Not for Funders, Scientists or Publishers’, Journal of Victorian Culture, 18 (2013), 551–7 (p. 557) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13555502.2013.865981.

For more on markets and the problems of competition in scholarly publishing, see Peter Suber, ‘Open Access, Markets, and Missions’, SPARC Open Access Newsletter, 2010 http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/ 4322590 [accessed 21 April 2014].

Suber, Open Access, p. 39.

Theodore C. Bergstrom and Carl T. Bergstrom, ‘Can “Author Pays” Journals Compete with “Reader Pays”?’, Nature: Web Focus, 2004 www. nature.com/nature/focus/accessdebate/22.html [accessed 1 May 2014].

For more on the expansion of higher education, see Thomas Docherty, For the University: Democracy and the Future of the Institution (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011), p. 136.

This phenomenon is exempliﬁed in the UK’s Research Excellence Framework (REF) and its predecessors, the Research Assessment Exercises; Australia’s Excellence in Research for Australia; and the brutal and infamous tenure-track appointment system in the States. Key Perspectives Ltd, A Comparative Review of Research Assessment Regimes in Five Countries and the Role of Libraries in the Research Assessment Process: A Pilot Study Commissioned by OCLC Research (Dublin, OH: OCLC, 2009) www.oclc.org/content/dam/research/publications/library/2009/2009-09.pdf?urlm=162926 [accessed 19 January 2014].

This was most recently ﬂagged in a report by the MLA that noted that academics should ‘challenge expectations for book publication as the primary criterion for conferral of tenure’. MLA Task Force on Doctoral Study in Modern Language and Literature, Report of the MLA Task Force on Doctoral Study in Modern Language and Literature (Modern Language Association of America, 2014), p. 15 www.mla.org/pdf/taskforcedocstudy2014.pdf [accessed 16 July 2014].

For more on the rhetoric of utility, see Humanities in the Twenty-First Century beyond Utility and Markets., ed. Eleonora Belﬁore and Anna Upchurch (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

See Suber, Open Access, p. 46.

The exception is when attackers deliberately overwhelm a server by over-taxing its resources in order to block others, a ‘denial of service’ (DoS) attack.

Veletsianos and Kimmons, ‘Assumptions and Challenges of Open Scholarship’, p. 173.