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 Throughout this work I use the invariant US spelling of ‘license’.

Neil Selwyn, ‘Editorial: In Praise of Pessimism – the Need for Negativity in Educational Technology’, British Journal of Educational Technology, 42 (2011), 713–18 (p. 167) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–8535.2011.01215.x.

Nigel Vincent and Chris Wickham, ‘Debating Open Access: Introduction’, in Debating Open Access, ed. Nigel Vincent and Chris Wickham (London: British Academy, 2013), pp. 4–12 (p. 6).

Cameron Neylon, ‘@d_mainwaring. . . I’ve Also Been Described as “Neo Liberal” (alongside Uber Capitalist) and “Marxist” in the Past Year Which Is Fun. . .’, @CameronNeylon, 2013 https://twitter.com/CameronNeylon/status/410035300388597760 [accessed 18 January 2014].

Veletsianos and Kimmons, ‘Assumptions and Challenges of Open Scholarship’, p. 172.

Although it is interesting to note that the movement’s origins were couched in terms of ‘subversion’. Harnad, ‘Overture: A Subversive Proposal’.

See the submission of Nature group House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, ‘Supplementary Evidence from Nature Publishing Group’, UK Parliament, 2004 www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmsctech/399/399we163.htm [accessed 7 January 2013].

Sara L. Rizor and Robert P. Holley, ‘Open Access Goals Revisited: How Green and Gold Open Access Are Meeting (or Not) Their Original Goals’, Journal of Scholarly Publishing, 45 (2014), 321–35 (p. 329) http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jsp.45.4.01.

As with any manner of digital resource (for scholarship must now be thought of in such a way), it is never simply that there is one single way of funding its production, dissemination and continued existence. Although, as will be seen, dominant models are emerging, a relatively recent Ithaka report noted that ‘There is no formulaic answer or single approach to achieving sustainability.’ Kevin Guthrie, Rebecca Grifﬁths and Nancy Maron, Sustainability and Revenue Models for Online Academic Resources (New York: Ithaka, 2008) www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/events/2010/04/ithakasustainabilityreport.pdf [accessed 4 May 2014]; Suber, Open Access, p. 53.

Directory of Open Access Journals, ‘Journals by Publication Charges’ www.doaj.org/doaj?func=byPublicationFee&uiLanguage=en [accessed 20 January 2014].

Jisc, ‘Publisher Copyright Policies & Self-Archiving’, SHERPA/RoMEO www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ [accessed 20 January 2014].

For a good summary of the economic challenges presented by issues of digital preservation, see Blue Ribbon Task Force on Sustainable Digital