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 All this is to say that Defendants have identified no case, nor has this Court identified any authority—binding or persuasive—holding that Garcetti applies to university professors’ in-class speech such that it amounts to government speech outside the First Amendment’s protection. To the extent Defendants urge this Court to determine that university professors’ in-class speech is always pure government speech, the weight of binding authority requires this Court to decline the invitation.

In a similar call to activism, Defendants urge this Court to consider the Third Circuit’s conclusion that “a public university professor does not have a First Amendment right to decide what will be taught in the classroom” as persuasive authority for deciding that a university professors’ in-class speech is never constitutionally protected. ECF No. 52 at 21, in Case No: 4:22cv304-MW/MAF (quoting Edwards v. Calif. Univ. of Penn., 156 F.3d 488, 491 (3d Cir. 1998) (Alito, J.)). In finding that the university’s actions in Edwards “concerned the content of the