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NOTES AND QUERIES. [9* s. VIL JUNE 22, 1901.

canum 'describes the crosier as "a cross mounted on a staff, borne before arch bishops and patriarchs, symbolizing their jurisdiction and authority" ('Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical Terms,' London, 1877).

Again, in the fourth edition of the * Direc- torium Anglicanum' (London, 1879), he says that the pastoral staff is "often, but incor- rectly called crosier."

Lastly, in an interesting and valuable paper on ' Episcopal Staves,' published in vol. li. of Archceologia, and read before the Society of Antiquaries in February, 1888, he says :

" Though the terms ' crozier ' and ' pastoral staff have been and are frequently used interchangeably, yet such use, as the writer ventures to contend, is inexact, loose, and erroneous. For the crozier that is a cross surmounting a staff is certainly not a pastoral staff or crook, nor is the pastoral staff or crook a crozier : these two ornamenta ecdesiastica differing distinctly in themselves, and belonging, both by right and custom, to distinct offices of different rank and dignity."

Dr. Lee sums up his conclusions as follows (Archceologia, vol. li.) :

1. That the pastoral staff or crook, being perfectly distinct from the crosier or cross* upon a staff, should be duly and carefully distinguished from it.

2. That this pastoral staff or crook belongs officially to all patriarchs (save the bishop of Rome), to all cardinals though only priests, deacons, or laymen to archbishops and bishops, and ex gratid to certain abbots and abbesses ; and that it is rightly and properly borne in the left hand to leave the right free during public functions.

3. That the bishop of Rome whether by divine right or custom having, as many believe, universal jurisdiction, does not carry any pastoral staff, save, as St. Thomas Aquinas remarks, when pontificating in the diocese of Treves, the curved crook of which is said symbolically to imply an ecclesiastical jurisdiction which is limited.

4. That a cross or crucifix on a staff, sym- bolizing provincial jurisdiction, or jurisdic- tion extending to the whole territory of a nation, is borne immediately before, but never carried by, an archbishop, to indicate his office and dignity ; being a co-symbol with ; and a complement of, the archiepis- copal pall.

the same thing." Church Times, 10 April, 1885. " The error of confusing the pastoral or shepherd's crook with a crozier (which is a cross upon a staff, and not a crook at all) is constantly made. But it is an error, and not less so because uninformed persons and superficial, though dogmatic, writers adopt and perpetuate it." Builder, 18 July, 1885.
 * "A crozier is a pastoral staff, two names for

5. That a double-armed cross or crucifix is borne before, but never carried by, the Pope, or by any patriarch, and symbolizes respec- tively the universal or the more extended jurisdiction of the chief pastor before whom it is borne. H. B.

CITY CURIO COLLECTOR (9 th S. vii. 349). The books, MSS., and objects of art of the late Rev. J. C. Jackson were sold at Sotheby's in December, 1895. The priced catalogues could doubtless be consulted at the auc- tioneers'. W. ROBERTS.

DESIGNATION OF FOREIGNERS IN MEXICO (9 th S. vii. 389). The origin of Gringo is thus accounted for. During the American war some Mexican natives heard American soldiers singing "Green grow the rashes, oh !" The first two words formed the nickname in ques- tion, which is applied equally to Americans and Englishmen. My authority is 'Through the Land of the Aztecs,' by "A Gringo," pub- lished in 1892. Perhaps it may be worth noting that the singularity of the pseudonym created a little confusion in the minds of printers, for in some quarters the authorship of the book was credited to "Mr. A. Gringo." I cannot throw light on the nicknames by which Frenchmen and Spaniards are desig- nated. H. JOHNSON.

Guabacho, Frenchman, is a slip of the pen for Gabacho. The French form is Gavache, which will be found in Littre, but without etymology. Gringo is in the ' Cen- tury Dictionary.' It is there derived from Griego. Originally it meant " Greek," then an Italian, an Englishman, or any foreigner. Gachupin is an Aztec epithet, Cacchopina, "prickly shoes," applied to the Spanish con- querors from their wearing spurs. The corre- sponding term in Peru is Chapeton, from the Araucanian word chiapi, which means "thief," and was abusively applied by the Creoles to Spaniards. JAS. PLATT, Jun. [The ' H.E.D.' gives Gringo as " Mexican Sp." only.]

I venture to think that Gringo, Guabacho, and Gachupin may come from some onoma- topoeia, that is, from the singing of birds. For instance, in French there is the verb gringotter, i,e., humming or twittering like a canary bird. ALF. H.

I have been told that during the war between the United States and Mexico in 1846-7 the American bands played very often " Green grow the rashes, oh ! " and that the Mexicans gave the Americans the nickname of the first two words, which were soon changed into Gringo ; but I cannot vouch for this as the true origin of the word. M. N. G..