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NOTES AND QUERIES. [9 th s. vn. FEB. 9, 1901.

Portland Street in 1769, and " whose daughter Mary married James Winder." Is this tomb still in existence, or is there any lengthier record of its inscription 1 Any information which might lead to the identification of this Thomas Butler, who took the name of Cole without royal licence, will be valuable.

H. M. BATSON. Hoe Benham, Newbury.

HENRY VII. Wanted a history of this king and his followers before he ascended the throne of England. E. E. COPE.

" CLUBBING THE BATTALION." What is the earliest instance of this phrase, meaning a bungled movement on parade getting the men mixed 1 * Advice to Officers,' 1782, has the following :

" A good adjutant should be able to play as many tricks with a regiment, as Breslaw can with a pack of cards. There is one in particular that I would recommend, namely, that of dispersing and falling in again by the colours ; which you will find ex- tremely useful whenever you contrive to club, or otherwise to confuse, the battalion."

The 'Oxford English Dictionary' gives only a reference to a speech in Parliament by Mr. Windham in 1806, in which he alluded to the phrase as an expression well known in the army. W. S.

AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED.

And snatching, as they [sc. the years] go, whole fragments of our being.

A. 0. PRICKARD.

Ubi libertas, ibi patria.

Lucis.

LEGHORN. (9 th S. vii. 47.)

H. G. H. doubts the received opinion that Livorno has been corrupted into Leghorn by English sailors. In favour of the accepted view it may be stated that the form Leghorn is not French, German, or Italian, but exclusively English ; also that sailors are especially prone to make foreign names intelligible in their own language in fact, to originate folk-etymologies. A few in- stances may be given. Thus the old Greek name of Euripus, which became Nevripo, the narrow channel between the island and the mainland, was assimilated by Italian sailors into Negroponte, the " black bridge," which has been extended to be the modern desig- nation of the island of Eubcea. Arise des Cousins, the " Bay of Mosquitoes," has been turned by English sailors into Nancy Cousins

Bay. They have also changed Uii Salang, the Malay name of an island oil the Malay Peninsula, which means " Salang head- land/' into Junk-Ceylon, converting the meaningless vocables into syllables not wholly unfamiliar. This is much the same as has occurred in the case of Livorno. In like manner As Desiertas, the appropriate Portuguese name of some small uninhabited isles near Madeira, has been corrupted into The Deserters by English sailors, who have also turned Rio dAngra, the "river of the bay," in West Africa, into Danger River a very appropriate name. Mombaim, the name of a temple of Devi, the great mother, was turned by the Portuguese into the more intelligible sound Bombaim, and the English in turn made it into Bombay. Galla, " the stone," the Singalese name of a rocky cape in Ceylon, was made by the Portuguese into Point de Galle, the "cock cape," and the town adopted a cock as its crest. By the change of Setubal into St. Ubes English sailors have canonized a new saint, and have given a local habitation to an old one by changing Hagenes, the Norse name of one of the Scilly Isles, into St. Agnes. Another Norse name, onguls eg, the " isle of the strait/' afterwards became Anglesey, the " isle of the Angles," which it never was. The Welsh name Aber-maw, the " town at the mouth of the Maw," was made intelligible to English ears by being converted into Barmouth ; and a well-known case is that of Burgh Walter, so called because it was a castle of Walter of Douay, which, when the bridge was built over the Parret, became Bridgewater. Less familiar, perhaps, is the case of Martin Win- gaard, a Dutch sailor, whose name, given by Adrian Block to an island off the coast of Massachusetts, was afterwards turned by English codfishers into Martha's Vineyard.

ISAAC TAYLOR.

This is certainly not a nautical corruption, Not only is the old French name Ligourne, but Ligorno formerly disputed the spelling with Livorno in Italian, as Ligurnus did with Liburnus or Liburnum in Latin. I find the following three items in. ' II Perfetto Dittio- nario ' (Italian and Latin), Venice, 1658 : P. 269, " Ligorno, porto di Toscana : Liburnum " ;

594, " Liburnum : Naue leggiera, & igorno " ; p. 595, " Ligurnus, portus : Liuorno, porto." (See also ' Diet, de Trevoux,' Hofmann's 'Lexicon Universale/ Cluvier's 'Introd. in Univ. Geographiam,' and Vene- roni's 'Diet. Ital. et Franc.') We have a familiar example of the, like consonantal mutation in the Italian pargolo ; and as to the epenthetic aspirate, our ancestors had a pro-