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Botany Bay for having returned from a former transportation beyond seas. He sub- sequently realized a large fortune as baker to the colony. The scene painter, whose name is not mentioned, was afterwards sentenced to death. ' EDWARD A. PETHERICK.

RESIDENTIAL SURNAMES. What may be called residential surnames, being derived from the locality of residence, have received comparatively little notice. My attention has been drawn to them by the return of the Poll Tax of 1379, which is of value, as it con- tains the names of many thousand persons in all ranks of life, at a period when sur- names were not universal, but were fast becoming so, thus enabling us to discern the actual process of manufacture. When in the same village there were several persons bearing the same baptismal name, they had to be distinguished. This was done either by appending the name of their occupation Smith, Wryght, or Shepherd ; the name of the father nlius Willelmi becoming Wilson ; by a personal peculiarity as Brown, Grey, Young, or Armstrong ; or very frequently by the situation of their residence as Willelmus de Grene, Ricardus atte Well, Adam atte Hall, Thomas atte Busk, Johannes atte Yate, Willelmus at the Kyrkgat, Willelmus at Dale, Johannes del Hill, Willelmus in the Hole, Ricardus atte Brygg, Adam de Wode ; these being the origin of the modern surnames Green, Wells, Hall, Bush, Yates, Dale, Hill, Hole, Briggs, and Wood. In the same way we can explain the origin of the names Lane, Street, Ford, Burn, Brooke, Field, Banks, Shore, Poole, Beck, Gill, Pitt, Stone, Clay, Perm, Maple, Okes, Thorn, Atwell, Attwood, Underwood, Underbill, Waters, Bywater, Shaw, Loftus, Howe, Warren, Lee, Rhodes, Down, Carr, Marsh, Forrest, Holmes, Water- house, Combe, Clive, Chambers, Hurst, Lund, Eyre, Kirk, Church, Cross, and Knowles. The name Burns or Wells was the name of the children of a man living near a burn or a well.

Other classes are names of service, such as Vickarmanor Prestewoman; or nicknames, either opprobrious, like Magota the woman or Thomas Drinkale ; or jocose, like Adam that Godmade, or Willelmus Way we About. Squires bear territorial names derived from their estates, which are often confused with the common territorial names derived from the parish from which a man has come.

ISAAC TAYLOR.

THE SUN-GOD AND THE MOON-GODDESS. Lempriere, in his ' Classical Dictionary,' calls Lampetia the daughter of Apollo and Nesera.

She was not the daughter of Apollo. She was the daughter of Helios Hyperion. Homer never makes Apollo the sun-god. His lines are these :

i^ai fVTrXoKaftoi, Qaedovard re Aafjurertrj re, as TfKev 'HeAi'y "Yireplovi 8ia Neatpa.

' Odyssey,' bk. xii. 11. 132, 133.

Though Horace makes Apollo the* sun-god, Ovid does not do so. In his ' Metamorphoses ' he makes the sun-god, who is the father of Phaeton and Lampetie, the son of Hyperion. Apollodorus makes Helios the son of Hyperion and Theia. Homer uses Hyperion alone, and he uses Helios alone, for the sun ; but gener- ally he joins Helios with Hyperion, and in one place he distinctly calls Helios Hyperio- nides, the son of Hyperion. Hesiod makes Helios the son of Hyperion. Apollodorus says that Selene fell in love with Endymion, and he distinguishes between her and Artemis. In a later time than that of Homer Artemis was confounded with Selene, just as it was a late idea that Apollo was the sun. Hesiod in the ' Theogony ' distinguishes between Apollo and the sun-god, and also between Artemis and Selene. Perhaps I may be pardoned for sending a note on a subject supposed to be well known. But undoubtedly in some dictionaries, and also in the notes to some classical works, there is confusion of the facts, which, as I think, I have set forth accurately.

E. YARDLEY.

CHARING CROSS. I was surprised lately to read in Trench's well-known work ' On the Study of Words ' (nineteenth edition, p. 240), " We know of ' Charing Cross ' that it is the cross of the Chere Keine, namely Queen Elinor, one of the resting-places of her body on its way to the tomb." With reference to this fancied derivation, HERMENTRUDE in ' N. & Q.,' 7 th S. viii. 507, after pointing out that "Charring" existed long before Eleanor of Castile was queen, asks, " Who is the earliest writer that makes the assertion in question?" I do not think this query has ever been directly answered. PROF. SKEAT in 7 th S. ix.

132 says, "This guessing derivation

could only have been invented by some one entirely ignorant of Early English pronuncia- tion ; for it assumes that the a in Charing was pronounced like the French e. in chere, whereas it was pronounced like the French a in flare." I always had a notion that it was started by Agnes Strickland, and well remember, when a boy my uncle Frederick Devon, Assistant Keeper of Public Records (he died in 1858), telling me that he had pointed out to her that it must be erroneous because the place was called by that name