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NOTES AND QUERIES. t9* s. x. DEC. 27, 1002.

power every year, growing in wealth, growing in dominion, growing in the perfection of their

organization By the side of these splendid

organizations, of which nothing seems to diminish the forces, and which present rival claims which the future may only be able by a bloody arbitra- ment to adjust by the side of these there are a number of communities which I can only describe as dying, though the epithet applies to them, of course, in very different degrees, and with a very different amount of certain application. They are mainly communities that are not Christian, but I regret to say that this is not exclusively the case, and in these states disorganization and decay are advancing almost as fast as concentration and increasing power are advancing in the living nations that stand beside them. Decade after decade they are weaker, poorer, and less provided with leading men or institutions in which they can trust, appa- rently drawing nearer and nearer to their fate, and yet clinging with strange tenacity to the life which they have got. In them misgovernment is not only not cured, but is constantly on the increase. The society and official society, the Administration is a mass of corruption, so that there is no firm ground on which any hope of reform or restoration could be based, and in their various degrees they are pre- senting a terrible picture to the more enlightened portion of the world a picture which, unfor- tunately, the increase in the means of our informa- tion and communication draws with darker and more conspicuous lineaments in the face of all nations."

T. P. ARMSTRONG.

I give the following references, with very short extracts from three speeches :

1. "You may roughly divide the nations of the world as the living and the dying." Speech at the Albert Hall, 4 May, 1898 (see Times, 5 May, p. 7, col. 3).

2. " You see nations who are decaying or whose government is so bad that they can neither main- tain the power of self-defence nor the affections of their subjects." Speech at the Guildhall, 9 Novem- ber, 1898 (see Times, 10 November, p. 8, col. 6).

3. " Remember what has happened to the great maritime powers of the past to Holland, to Spain, to Venice, and, if I might go into ancient times, to Carthage and to Tyre." Speech at the Albert Hall, 9 May, 1900 (see Times, 10 May, p. 4, col. 4).

ROBERT PIERPOINT.

DR. BREWER'S MONUMENT (9 th S. x. 285, 4751 By the Editor's note in 8 th S. xi. 220, and the Daily Mail of 8 March, Dr. E. Cob- ham Brewer died on 6 March, 1897.

EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. 71, Brecknock Road.

HISTORICAL POINT IN AN EPITAPH (9 th S. x. 468). Does not the point lie in the payment of extra fees for interment within the church rather than in the lay, or grass, outside ? The epitaph at Grade appears to be a more or less incorrect copy of one at Crowan, in the same county, where the last lines have an allusion to the deceased's name, "Tregeare,"

usually interpreted as="the green dwelling," an allusion lost in the one at Grade. Unless my memory deceives me, MR. MINCHIN has misread the surname Gell, which I think he will find is merely an abbreviation for " Gen- tleman." I enclose copy of the one at Crowan, which has now lost its point by having been transferred from the north side of the churchyard to the east. Its legend is :

"Here Lyeth the Body of Richard Tregeare, of this parish, Gentl., who departed this life in the fear of God the 24th day of December Anno 1668

Why here ? why not? 'tis Holy Ground ; And here none will my Dust confound. My Saviour Lay where no one did, Why not a Member as his Head ? No Quire to Sing, no Bell to Ring ! Why Sirs ! thus Buried was my King : My King in Joseph's Garden Lay : Why may not I in the Church-hay ? And that I Might be Neerer yet, I would as He was, neer Sun set. I Grudge the Fashion of this day, To fat the Church and starve the lay. Though Nothing now of me be seen, 1 Hope my name and bed is Green. Richard Tregeare fil : posuit in Honorem patr : & Memor.

YGREC.

"TYPULATOR" (9 th S. x. 428). Your corre- spondent makes a very bad guess. At the Court of Ingoldmells held at Skegness on 24 October, 1325, Hawys Wage was presented because she "typlavit bread contrary to the assize " (see ' Ingoldmells Court Rolls,' p. 91). The word is not glossed, but there are numer- ous examples elsewhere of presentments for tippling of bread and of beer contrary to the assize. "Tippler" meant in Latimer's time, according to the ' Encyclopaedic Dictionary,' " one who sells liquor ; the keeper of an inn or public-house ; a publican." The quotation from Latimer (' Works,' i. 133) is as follows : "They are but tipplers, such as keep ale- houses." F. ADAMS.

This word probably is a Latinization of tippler, the keeper of a tippling-house We should now call him a publican. See ' Ency- clopaedic Diet.' for a quotation from Latimer ; also tippling-house in the same work.

WIGWAM : ITS ORIGIN (9 th S. x. 446). It may be added that my ' Concise Dictionary ' (1901) supplements this information with the remark that Cuoq (in his 'Algonquin Dic- tionary ') gives the Algonquin form as miki- wctm, otherwise wikiwam, at pp. 221, 438. I also stated in the Academy, 8 November 1890, that S. T. Rand gives the Micmac form