Page:Notes and Queries - Series 12 - Volume 8.djvu/98

 78 NOTES AND QUERIES. [12 s. vm. JAN. 22, 1921. be found in the ' D.N.B.' He died in London at a great age in 1874. There was another John Pye, also a noted engraver, some of whose works were published by Boydell in 1775. The date of his death appears to be unknown, and there is no appearance of any connexion between him and the family of Charles Pye. HOWARD S. PEARSON. KENTISH BOROUGHS (12 S. vii. 511). " Borough " as used by Hasted and earlier Kentish writers is equivalent to ' ' tithings ' ' in other counties, i.e.," a district com- posed originally of ten freemen, heads of families who were sureties for each other ' ' (Sandys, ' History of Gavelkind '). The borough of Crothall is, no doubt, now indicated by a farm in Benenden parish called Critt Hall and in former times, Grit Hole. In Benenden churchyard there are, or were, several gravestones to members of a family named Crothall dating from 1738-52, and a Robert Crothall is mentioned in the Archdeacon's 'Visitation ' of 1603. It is probable that there was a " dene " of the same name spelt Cradhole or Crithole. H. HANNEN. The Hall, West Farleigh, Kent. " HEIGHTEM, TIGHTEM AND SCRUB " (12 S. vii. 248, 295, 356). "Hightum, Tightum, and Scrub " are mentioned under the year 1818, in I. T. Smith's 'A Book for a Rainy Day,' edited by Wilfred Whitten (1905), p. 230. A. H. S. CARLYLE'S TRENCH REVOLUTION ' (12 S. viii. 29). It looks very much as if Carlyle has made a mistake, for Billaud -Varennes was banished to Sinnamari, which is near Cayenne, and the Surinam is in Dutch Guiana far away. Were there an ocean- current flowing eastward it might perhaps have carried alluvial matter from the Surinam in the direction of Sinnamari, but the Equatorial current runs in the opposite direction. But even if Carlyle confused the Surinam with some other river, it does not follow that Billaud was seriously inconvenienced by river-mud on any occasion. Carlyle says little about his exile, but such impression as he gives is incorrect probably. Everything goes to prove that Billaud had as pleasant a time in French Guiana as was possible under the circumstances. He himself speaks in one of his letters (published, I think, since Carlyle wrote) of the beautiful landscape and of his delightful home, as romantic "as it was picturesque. Carlyle tells us that her "surrounded himself with flocks of tame parrots," whereas the parrots were, no doubt, always there and would have re- mained there without Billaud 's kind atten- tions. This judicial assassin occupied him- self mainly with agricultural pursuits,, meditating on the doctrines contained in 'Emile,' impressing upon his erring wife in France that there is such a thing as " an irreparable fault " and enjoying the rural calm all the more after the terrific ex- periences of his political career. Carlyle, in short, seems to have aimed at setting forth striking details rather than at producing a picture of what really happened. T. PERCY ARMSTRONG. DANIEL DEFOE IN THE PILLORY (12 S. viii. 12). In reply to G. B. M.'s question the following extract from The London Gazette, No. 3936, Aug. 2, 1703, may be of interest : " (London, July 31 1703.) On (Thursday) the 29th instant, Daniel Foe alias Be Foe, stood in the Pillory before the Koyal Exchange in Cornhill, as he did yesterday near the Conduit in Cheapside, and this day at Temple Bar ; in pursuance of the sentence given agairst him, at the last Sessions at the Old Bailey, for writing and publishing a seditious libel, intituled ' The Shortest Way with the Dissenters.' By which sentence, he is also fined 200 marks, to find sureties for his good behaviour for seven years, and to remain in prison till all be performed." W. W. DRUETT. PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK (AND LATIN) (12 S. viii. 26). This interesting question raises another. When was the pronuncia- tion of Latin altered in England from the mediaeval Continental fashion, in vogue at the time of the Reformation, and still used in English Roman Catholic churches. I have- put the question to many scholars, each of whom has given a different answer. The process must have been gradual, but when was it finally adopted ? SURREY. FAMILY OF DICKSON (12 S. viii. 28). MR. SETON-ANDERSON may find reference to the following work (copy in Brit. Mus.) of interest : " The Border or Biding Clans, followed by a history of the Clan Dickson, and a brief account of the family of the author, &c." " Enlarged Edition pp. 223. Joel Munsell's Sons, Publishers, Albany, N.Y., U.S.A., 1889,'jl<V For private distribution." D. INTERIORIS TEMPLI.