Page:Notes and Queries - Series 12 - Volume 4.djvu/77

 12 B. IV. MARCH, 1918.] NOTES AND QUERIES.

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proper names by Greek writers (e.g., Hero- dotus) is subject to so many vagaries, that in the case before us the transliteration may have been inaccurate from the beginning, especially if the name was communicated orally and not in writing.

It is conceivable that the assumed 'I was lost in crasis : thus TAIIA^AIAI > TAIA^AIAI > TA$AIAI (see Furtwangler, ii. Taf. 25, No. 1).

The main connecting link between A4>AIA and H5' is that the title KaAAicrr?; was applied to Artemis in Greece proper. Pausanias (i. 29, 2) tells us that asKaAAarr?; she had a goavov in the Academia near Athens, and a temple near Tricoloni in Arcadia (id., viii. 35, 8).

Artemis was also known as wpcua : this may be seen from an inscription found in the Peir.Teus :

'lipcucu. Eph. Arch., 1884, p. 69.

The epithet KaAAtcrrr/ appears again on a sepulchral inscription found at Aleppo, one of the early Phoenician trade-routes :

'C. I. G.,' 4445.

.A further siipport of the suggested equation is to be found in the classification of the names Salamis and Samos (Hall, op. cit., pp. 227-8) as Semitic in origin.

The form AI?AIA may be due to folk- etymology. Stephanus, sub quotes Ant. Lib., 40, p. 270, to show that the name was derived from a<av?/?. This derivation could account for the absence of an initial 'I sound.

It has already been mentioned that Thera was a Phoenician settlement : in connexion with this it is interesting to recall that Thera's original name was Kalliste (Find., ' Pyth.,' iv. 258, v. 74 ; Pausanias, Hi. 17). Is it possible that while Thera was still known to the Greeks as Kalliste, it had the same 'A<cua cult as ^Egina, and that when the new name Thera (cp. "A/are/us dypoTepa) was brought in, it once for all ousted Kalliste, taken over from the goddess Aphaia ? M. KEA.N.

SPENSER'S ' FAERIE QUEENE ' : SANS LOY, SANS FOY, AND SANS JOY. In ' The Faerie Queene ' these three names should be pronounced in such a way as to make them appear true knights, and not enemies of the soul. The champion of goodness is called St. George, and the pagan knights masquerade as St. Loy, St. Foy, and St. Joy.

If they carried names that revealed then? evil character, their power of misleading the soul would be greatly reduced. Does not evil always come 'to men in the guise of good ? Does not Satan appear as an angel of light ? Does not Antichrist figure as a deceptive copy of the Saviour of men ?

When Spenser wrote, "Sans" was in common use as an English word. From the thirteenth century to the seventeenth it was variously spelt : saun, san, sam, saunz, saunt, sain, saing, sanz, and sans. The spelling seems to indicate that it was commonly pronounced " San," and not in the modern French manner.

The word " Saint " has gone through a like variety of pronunciation and of spelling the Holy Grail being spoken of as San Grail, and the Sanctus bell being called Sans bell, Sawnse bell, and Sauncebell. Terminal letters are very apt to be carelessly dealt with, especially if the syllable is unaccented. It is only with extreme care that the last letter in " Saint " can be made audible ; and St. George would be pro- nounced, as it still is, " San George," the first syllable in Spenser being always unaccented.

The poet writes with such enthusiasm of the courage and knightly skill of the three brothers that you would be moved to lament their downfall, if he did not tell you that their names mean Lawless, Faith- less, and Joyless ; for the allegory represents the conflict of goodness, not against openly declared wrong, but against fraud and pretence. CHARLES F. FLEMING.

Greenock.

" BOLSHEVIK " : " MENSHEVIK." --Two correspondents in the Literary Supplement of The Times of Feb. 7 and 21 explained the origin of these party styles, which occurred at a Conference of the Russian Social Democrats in 1903. During the voting that took place on that occasion the more Radical members carried the day, and were thereupon christened by their opponents Bolshevik, from the Russian word bolshinstvo, which signifies " majority " ; while the defeated section was known as Menshevik, from menshinstvo, " minority," the politics of the latter being of a Liberal, but less advanced type. N. W. HILL.

CROMWELL AND BREWERS. (See ante, p. 64.) MR. E. S. DODGSON may be interested to know that, in addition to the articles that have appeared in ' N. & Q.' on the subject, Cromwell's personal or